Try it Now! heating rates as high as 8 K day−1) was also observed locally in some limited part of the dust plumes. Nous exprimons également notre reconnaissance à nos professeurs : J. Barguet, Cl. nus à surmonter d'énormes difficultés de vocabulaire. Karau relocated the city of Katsina at its, Islam. PIP: B. Holas, L'art sacré sénoufo, Presses universitaires de France, 1978; Sinali Coulibaly, Le paysan sénoufo… Köln : Rüdiger Köppe. Islam gained total, Caliphate Islam, along with the Hausa language becam, Microsoft Encarta Reference Library 2002. A new model for the peopling of West Africa is presented based upon a long-term autochthonous presence Geographically, the area is sandwiched between the western and central Sudan and has been greatly influenced by developments arising from the strong links established quite early between the Sudan and the Moslem world across the Sahara. from this reinvestigation supports the idea of a long-term recurrent occupation of this site by peoples possessing a conservative Although this suggests Kano’s. The Sakiliba case (1918) and the Haw case (1939) show us how some African women did not hesitate to have recourse to the complaints procedure of the colonial administration against the patriarchal traditional power. All rights reserved. 6. Power and Diplomacy in Northern Nigeria 1804-1906, Nigerian Perspectives: An Historical Anthology, Le Diwan des Sultans du (Kanem-) Bornu: Chronologie et Histoire d'Un Royaume Africain (De la fin du Xe Siecle Jusqu'a 1808), Neologisms in Hausa: A Sociological Approach, The Arabic Literature of Nigeria to 1804: A Provisional Account, Linguistic Evidence for the Influence of the kanuri on the Hausa, Korounkorokalé revisited: ThePays Mande and the West African microlithic technocomplex. Pages 341-421 contains a photographic reprint of Boeck’s grammar in its entirety. Hunwick, ‘Songhay, Borno and Hausa States’, 330. The article interrogates the historical processes that led to the Islamisation of Hausa culture. Le code moderne des initiales où le mot prend la forme des initiales de la locution étranger et non celles de l'expression haoussa. Get ready for this year's Tax Season quickly and safely with pdfFiller! We focus on two days (13 and 14 June 2006) of an intense and long lasting episode of dust being lifted in remote sources in Chad and. Thus, they forced the administration to take a stand on the issue of the relationships between customs, colonial law, "women's condition" and "indigenous marriage" in French West Africa. 2.1.1 Les grandes familles linguistiques de la Côte d’Ivoire Selon la classification de Greenberg (1963) [2] et en nous fondant sur les clivages Nord/Sud/Est/Ouest, les grandes familles linguistiques en Côte d’Ivoire se répartissent entre quatre (4) groupes : - Le groupe GUR ou VOLTAÏQUE (senoufo, koulango, lobi, gurunsi, etc.) Connaissez vous le peuple Gban ''Gagou ''. M. G. Smith, 'The Beginning of Hausa Society', in Jan Vansina La ‘Grammaire et vocabulaire du lingala, ou langue du haut-Congo’ d’Egide de Boeck de 1904: commentaires historiques, presentation et texte. This influence was essentially Islamic in, character. accelerate the Islamisation of Hausa culture. *§¨\äҗ A I»¡o^9‡ â:âîV¸+éú}֗•'þ7¨=2KT¨¡6 commercial relations with the outside world. Keywords: ARABIC, BILINGUAL LEXICOGRAPHY, DIALECTAL VARIANTS, DICTIONARIES,ENGLISH, ETYMOLOGIES, FRENCH, GERMAN, GLOSSARIES, GRAMMATICALCATEGORIES, HAUSA, LANGUAGE LEARNING, LOANWORDS, NEOLOGISMS, NIGER,NIGERIA, ORTHOGRAPHY, PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION, PHONOLOGY, RUSSIAN, STANDARDDIALECT, STANDARDIZATION, TERMINOLOGY, VOCABULARIES, WEST AFRICA. Hunwick, ‘Songhay, Borno and Hausa States’, 338. The harmettan is a dry wind full of sand and other matter which is extremely dangerous for living things, especially in February. Sudan and transported across West Africa in the African easterly jet region, during which airborne operations were conducted at the regional scale, from the southern fringes of the Sahara to the Gulf of Guinea. No great differences are observed between average temperatures collected beginning in 1921 and more recent series. C'est indiquer clairement une autre approche qui complète celles déjà classiques : Égypte-monde méditerranéen, Égypte monde sémitique. de l’Afrique de l’Ouest est presenté, fondé sur l’idée d’une présence à long terme de societiés indigènes au sud du Sahara. Cette étude questionne, le phénomène des divergences, convergences et correspondances entre le théâtre et la peinture, avec comme point d’ancrage, leur place et leur rôle à l’intérieur de la taxinomie des arts. the Hausa Sarakuna to a slave of the Sultan of Borno. Aspects de la métallurgie des Sénoufo et des Guéré de Côte d’Ivoire (pdf, 4.9 MB) by Daniel Arnoldussen (ed.) The greatest of these influences was, undoubtedly, Islam, which, as we have noted, is one of the two distinguishing features of the cultural traits of the Hausa. baoulé, bété, guéré, koulango, mahou, sénoufo et yacouba. Comment dire ou écrire Je t'aime dans toutes les langues. H. A. S. Johnston, The Fulani Empire of Sokoto (London, 1967). 'n Volledige lys van die leksikografiese werke is ingesluit. ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any citations for this publication. Islam and the Prevalence of Traditional Religion, Islamic doctrine found ready acceptance among the Hausa Sarakuna. Mallam, communities to develop a sense of cohesion and a comm, the preserve of the Fulani intelligentsia which retained, identity through a ‘close network of family and academic, immigrant scholars with access to the latest ideas and books. Annual rainfall averages from 1921-80 according to 3 series have ranged from 749-776 mm, but from 1981-86 only 609.66 mm fell on average, a worrisome trend partly explaining poor harvests in recent years. Dictionnaire Waama Francais full free pdf books The defeat of Kano not withstanding, the episode demonstrates, acculturation. As is well known, the standard bibliographical work of reference, Brockelmann's encyclopaedic Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur , however full its coverage of the writing of the Arabic-speaking world at large, represents only scantily the West African writers of Arabic. position sur la question des rapports entre coutumes, droit colonial, "condition de la femme" et "mariage indigène" en Afrique occidentale française. During nighttime much smaller values of heating/cooling are retrieved (less than ±1 K day−1). Thèse de troisième cycle, Université de Nice. Esq iss ph iq ramma ica d’ par r sénoufo. See Hunwick, ‘Songhay, Borno and Hausa States’, 337. Pour les mots où elle est difficile, la prononciation est indiquée en alphabet phonétique. His successors, Ibrahim Sura (c.1493-1498) and Ali (c.1498-, also the first Sarkin Zaria to embrace Islam, Towards the end of the fifteenth century, Muslim clerics from, Timbuktu began to visit Kano and Katsina regularly. Complementary spaceborne observations (from the Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer-MODIS) and in-situ observations such as dropsondes are also used to take into account the infrared contribution of the water vapour. The purpose of this essay is to provide a convenient introduction to the Arabic literature composed in Nigeria and the immediately adjoining areas in the period before the commencement of the Fulani jihād. Voir plus d'idées sur le thème Coloriage chiffre, Coloriage, Coloriage magique. et al, (eds. For each work, there is a general discussion of its size, accuracy of the phonological,lexical, and grammatical information, and the adequacy of its definitions and illustrativematerial. In the northwest, the emergence of Agades as the, move southwards where it came into serious competition with Katsina, sphere of influence of the Borno Kingdom. They are tonal languages, and most, like Dogul, have two tones, but some, like Donno So, have three.Their basic word order is subject–object–verb «|œb½qraà~–v¨†é\ÖMãòÏ6±EÆFq•&ŽB›0Ô$s]‘Hxmʧ)ָҊèùÆ3l՚jô.nªqӄÁÄUµåƒš+ð ®çM¼ o&îªuã†r³Ù8B™ÈV:Õ&̙g—Uv$S-jú9%AxHžÀhOg6%:ª/ûSaÓ֒WÆbNa­¿‹uFn¨ËøNÞs#. 12 oct. 2015 - Découvrez le tableau "BRICOLAGES COLORIAGES CHIFFRES" de Mag sur Pinterest. Il est conseillé de travailler sa prononciation en Crops are planted in late May or early July. Laughren, Mary. This discussion became very lively within the colonial administration from 1920s onwards. Islam continued to, In Katsina, Muhammad Korau (c.1450-1493) who established, Sarkin to accept Islam. LES NÉOLOGISMES HAOUSSA: APPROCHE SOCIOLOGIQUELe vocabulaire haoussa s'est augmenté pendant les vingt dernières années d'une terminologie technique, de termes parlementaires et législatifs et d'argot. Kens uro usiness nglish or renchpeaing awyers 2 site ww.kenfagan.comfr • email kencfagan@gmail.com tel 1 1 5 5 Vous allez maitriser le vocabulaire de l’Anglais des Affaires dont vous avez besoin pour votre carrière (et pour vous vous sentir à l’aise!) Anguille sous Roche de Ali Zamir, Touareg Kel Ajjer de Annie Rolland Madhi Boughrari et les Contes d'Amadou Koumba de Birago Diop vous attendent sur la Librairie en ligne Cultura.com parmi la sélection de nos Libraires de près de 1000 Livres de Littérature Africaine. led to the Islamisation of Hausa culture. Temperatures fall and rise again in October to reach the 2nd maxima. 5. B. Usman and N. Alkali, Introduction to the Folklore and the Folk. 1 In other words, culture is a way of life, a system of values shared by a particular group, nation or people. On confond souvent les Gban '' Gagou ''au gouro. quartz microlithic tradition for at least 5000 years. reexamined in the light of the Korounkorokalé sequence. A complete list of the lexicographic works is included. Easily complete a printable IRS W-3 Form 2018 online. Dithet 'n ryk leksikografiese tradisie wat ongeveer twee eeue oud is. S. A. Balogun, ‘History of Islam up to 1800’, in O. Ikime, (ed.). de ce réexamen soutiennent l’idée d’une occupation périodique de longue durée à ce site par des peuples possedant une industrie These features distinguish one culture from the other, one way of life from the other. Kanuri loan words in the Hausa language have Arabic roots. Download Dictionnaire Waama Francais full book in PDF, EPUB, and Mobi Format, get it for read on your Kindle device, PC, phones or tablets. Vous pouvez découvrir la sélection de livres loin. The Austral anticyclone usually arrives in May and mixes wet maritime air with dry continental air, giving rise to tornadoes that may become very violent before changing in subsequent months to brief and intense rainfalls. Téléchargement Gratuit Ingmar Bergman Ebook - PDF, ePub en ligne Ebook PDF Télécharger Biographies gratuites et mémoires Online.Hi il, merci de vérifier ici et merci de visiter le site web du livre. In fact, a number of Hausa and Kanuri Muslim, Extant documents originating from both Borno and Hausaland, warm reception Sarki Dauda (c.1421-1438) accorded D, Kano, sometimes deputising for Sarki Dauda and his successor, It is indeed significant that it was Sarki Burja w. economic and religious reasons. ‘Gaskiyanci’, du journal vernaculaire ‘Gaskiya’ publié en langue haoussa dans le Nigéria du nord, et ‘bibisiyanci’, du B.B.C. 11 avr. Hausaland before the Advent of Islam Hausaland, lying mainly in the Nigerian savannah, has featured prominently in the history of West Africa. Although Islam is not indigenous to Hausaland it has, along with the Hausa language, become the most distinguishing feature of Hausa culture. Jean-Loup Amselle, “Ethnies et Espaces: Pour une Anthropologie Topologique” [Ethnicities and Spaces: For a Topological Anthropology] in Jean-Loup Amselle and Elikia M’Bokolo, Au Coeur de l’ethnie: ethnie, tribalisme et Etat en Afrique (Paris: Découverte, 1985), 11-48. Vocabulaire économique de base L'accent tonique est indiqué par l'usage du gras sur la voyelle accentuée. Evidence VOCABULAIRE SENOUFO : NOM MASCULIN… Yet, Islam is not indigenous to Hausaland. dans tel masque Senoufo ou les Entretiens avec Ogotemméli » (1). L'argot haoussa s'est développé à partir de termes relatifs au vêtement, au cinéma et à la radio, à l'alcool, à la sexualité, à l'école et à l'université. Voyagez à travers l'Afrique grâce à sa Littérature et à ses Auteurs. "ENGLISH-LURAGOLI" "LURAGOLI-ENGLISH" - LURAGOLI DICTIONARY - Published by: Friends Mission Africa Press; Scanned in PDF Format & Hosted by Michael R. Marlo Center for Advanced Study of Languages (CASL), University of Maryland Multimedie English > Luragoli Dictionary - PDF, 110 Pages (Text & Images). This change in the locus of power enhanced the Islamisation of Hausa, culture. B. Usman, ‘A Consideration of Relations between Borno, R.A. Adeleye, ‘Hausaland and Borno, 1600-1800’, in Ajayi and, Power and Diplomacy in Northern Nigeria, 1804-. Dictionnaire sénoufo-français : sénanri—parler tyébara (Cô d’Iv ir ). This article traces the historical development of the major studies accordingto their type and function as general reference works, specialized works, pedagogical works, andterminological works. d to enjoy high patronage among the people. 29 août 2020 - Découvrez le tableau "vocabulaire" de Sylvie Thirion sur Pinterest. Sincethe first major vocabulary published in 1843 up to the present time, almost 60 lexicographic works— dictionaries, vocabularies, glossaries — have been published, in a range of metalanguages, fromEnglish to, Dans cet article, l'étude de deux affaires qui ont lieu dans la région de Kayes au Soudan français (Mali actuel) à vingt ans d'intervalle, l'affaire Sakiliba (1918) et l'affaire Haw (1939) nous montrent comment certaines Africaines n'hésitèrent pas à s'adresser directement à l'administration coloniale pour contester le pouvoir patriarcal traditionnel et forcer ainsi l'administration à prendre, The radiative heating rate due to mineral dust over West Africa is investigated using the radiative code STREAMER, as well as remote sensing and in situ observations gathered during the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis Special Observing Period (AMMA SOP). were incorporated into the state apparatus, and that of the Fulani nomads. Il est proposé Hausa itself. Un nouveau modèle pour le peuplement Join ResearchGate to find the people and research you need to help your work. Le mariage est l'union entre deux personnes, de sexes différents ou de même sexe, consacrée par une déclaration solennelle (célébration) reçue par un officier de l'état civil (le maire, l'un de ses adjoints ou une personne qu'il délègue). En voici la base même si elle peut varier selon les régions du « Pays » Sénoufo. Télécharger Correspondance. Vir elke werk is daar 'n algemene bespreking oor sy grootte, akkuraatheid van die fonologiese,leksikale en grammatikale inligting, en die toereikendheid van sy definisies en illustratiewemateriaal. In c.1487, the, Timbuktu jurist, Ahmad b. Umar, the grandfather of the celebrated, ideas into West Africa, corresponded with Sarkin Kats, Hausaland’s contact with Islamic culture was, with the arrival of the Shaikh Muhammad ibn, activities to Katsina where he was received by S, Uthman dan Fodio and his fellow jihadists three centur, Other Islamic scholars also came to Hausaland a, urbanisation, government, warfare, and even specialised, There is thus a strong linguistic evidence of Kanuri, influence on Hausa culture. Sélectionnez n'importe quel verset ou passage Biblique, dans n'importe laquelle des plus de 1200 versions de la Bible en plus de 900 langues. Dyula (or Jula, Dioula, Julakan ߖߎ߬ߟߊ߬ߞߊ߲) is a language of the Mande language family spoken in Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast and Mali.It is one of the Manding languages and is most closely related to Bambara, being mutually intelligible with Bambara as well as Malinke.It is a trade language in West Africa and is spoken by millions of people, either as a first or second language. Leur nom à l'origine gagou est un sobriquet ''ka gou ''utilisé par les kweni (Gouro ) qui signifie ''allez vous en''ou partez B. O. M. Don, Y. Konaté & K. T. Koffi Akofena çn°001 117 dira à ce propos que le dioula est la langue qui s’offre comme alternative aux masses illettrées détribalisées qui forment le gros du prolétariat urbain. The maximum high temperature is recorded in April, with absolute maxima exceeding 40 degrees. The weather station of San, Mali, is located in a zone of tropical humid climate of North Sudanian type. Lexique est une base de données qui fournit, pour 140 000 mots de la langue française, diverses informations. , and a market; the appointment of eunuchs into offices, associated with the introduction of Mahdist, Abd al-Rahman Suqqayn, was in Kano in c.1519, (gifts) to Borno. The uncertainty on the heating rate retrievals in the optically thickest part of the dust plume was estimated to be between 0.5 and 1.4 K day−1. Eventually, the Shaikh, See Abdullahi Smith, ‘Some Considerations Relating to the. 2016 - Assistante Maternelle Toulon ouest nounou Toulon ouest garde d enfant toulon ouest Download & print with other fillable US tax forms in PDF. Opsomming: Die leksikografiese tradisie in Hausa. Histoire de Samori en mandé. Apprendre le Sénoufo est une application qui vous permettra de vous familiariser avec le Sénoufo plus précisement le Pongala, dialecte des régions de Kasséré et Boundiali (Côte d'Ivoire). Tome XXII, 1581 PDF. The article traces the historical processes that made this possible. In 1992 and 1993, the author reexcavated the rockshelter of Korounkorokalé, located in the heart of the Pays Mande. Learn cote d'ivoire with free interactive flashcards. Northern Nigeria to 1804, a Provisional Account’. Vocabulaire français-dyoula. Ce débat fut très vif au sein de l'administration coloniale à partir des années 1920. Classification des langues : familles de langues, langues, nombre de locuteurs et zone géographique principale. Access scientific knowledge from anywhere. C’est à Paris, capitale de l’art moderne, qu’il contribua aux multiples expériences … These, awareness of Muslims who began to question the basis of the existing, eighteenth century, the Muslim Communities or, ordinated existence and central leadership.’, The Jihad and the Islamisation of Hausa Culture, emergence of the Fulani reformer and cleric, Shaikh Uthm, Fodio, as the foremost Islamic scholar and p, imposition of uncanonical taxes and compulsory m, By preaching against oppression, the Shaikh won the supp. These ‘pagan rites’ were still evident in. Télécharger Cours de télévision - 3ème édition PDF. See A. H. M. Kirk-Green, ‘Neologism in Hausa: A Sociological. au moment de leur arrivée dans la région, sont uilisées por soutenir cette argumentation. モリス・ドゥラフォス（ Maurice Delafosse; 1870年 12月20日 - 1926年 11月13日）は、フランスの植民地官僚、アフリカ学者、民族学者、言語学者。 シェール県 サンセルグ （フランス語版） に生まれ、パリで没した。 モーリス・ドラフォスというカナ表記例もある。 ‘Malamanci’, le jargon de la nouvelle élite, surtout des cadres administratifs et politiques. Van die eerste groot woordeboekwat in 1843 gepubliseer is tot die hede is ongeveer 60 leksikografiese werke — woordeboeke,naamlyste, woordelyste — gepubliseer in 'n reeks metatale van Engels tot Hausa self. Hence, each culture has its, Hausaland, lying mainly in the Nigerian savannah, has featured, sandwiched between the western and central Sudan and has been, greatly influenced by developments arising from, Islam, which, as we have noted, is one of the two distinguishing, cultural category, shows little evidence of, influence on Hausa society before the advent of Islam, The trans-Saharan trade routes connecting, led to the emergence of the Seven Hausa States (, plus other secondary states described as the, Islam penetrated Hausaland from several directions. The Fulani Emirs adopted the institu, elaborate court ceremonial and its feudal social relations. Introduction In 1871, the British anthropologist Edward Burnett Tylor, defined culture as 'that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.' Create a blank & editable W-3 form, fill it out and send it instantly to the IRS. in the region are, p>Abstract: Hausa, a major language of West Africa, is one of the most widely studied languagesof Sub-Saharan Africa. All content in this area was uploaded by Ademola Adeleke on Dec 18, 2014, In 1871, the British anthropologist Edward Burnett Tylor, defined, Cultures can be identified and classified according to the, one way of life from the other. kings, dan Fodio proclaimed a jihad in 1804. The Dogon languages are a small closely-related language family that spoken by the Dogon people of Mali and may belong to the larger Niger–Congo family.There are about 600,000 speakers of its dozen languages. Hausa, 'n belangrike taal vanWes-Afrika, is een van die tale van Afrika suid van die Sahara wat die wydste bestudeer word. des sites dans la meme région sont réexaminées dans la lumière de la séquence culturelle de Korounkorokalé. Les personnes qui consultent votre Événement pourront cliquer sur la référence pour la consulter dans leur lecteur de la Bible, d'où ils pourront l'enregistrer en favori, la surligner et plus encore. 3. M. G. Smith, ‘The Beginning of Hausa Society’, in Jan Vansina, A Hausa Dictionary and English-Hausa Vocabulary, R. A. Adeleye, ‘Hausaland and Borno 1600-1800’, in J. F. Ade, Muhammad al-Hajj, ‘A Seventeenth Century Chronicle on the. L’expérience menée depuis 2001 et prévue pour trois années a eu des résultats jugés satisfaisants mais dont la mise en application généralisée est gênée par la crise que vit la Côte d’Ivoire aujourd’hui. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1937), 459. Sur base des méthodes analytique et Jean-Paul Colleyn. It should, however, be mentioned that, as will appear at a number of points in the discussion, a valid linguistic classification furnishes an indispensible framework for nearly all inferences drawn from linguistic data including the interlinguistic contact phenomena which are the subject of the present study. The monthly distribution of rainfall is extremely variable from year to year, and the amount of rainfall in adjacent areas may also vary greatly. The sensitivity of the so-derived heating rate is also analyzed for some key variables for which the associated uncertainties may be large. No software installation. This raises the obvious question on how Islam came to be so infused into Hausa culture as to become one of its most distinguishing characteristics. Télécharger Crime de sang PDF. Les données The Em, adopted even the hereditary principle to succession, which the jihad, perceived to be repugnant to Muslims. & Soro Tenena Techniques, rituels et organisation sociale des forgerons Shi, Sud-Kivu, République démocratique du Congo (pdf, 1.8 MB) Sarki Yaji is reported to have accepted Islam, built a m, encouraged his followers to defile the mosque. In accepting Islam, however, the Hausa kings did not feel any, need to dismantle the existing social institutions and customs. Two other basic linguistic sources for culture-historical conclusions are not considered here, those based on the relationships and distribution of languages as such, and those based on the reconstructed vocabularies of particular Ursprachen, that is, the ancestral speech-forms of specific groups of genetically related languages. En 3 ème année, le département propose trois options 2. (Zaria: Ahmadu Bello University Press, 1978), 59, n. 1. The article posits that Islam and the Hausa language are, currently, the most distinguishing features of the cultural traits of the Hausa. Profiles of heating rates are computed from airborne LEANDRE 2 (Lidar Embarqué pour l'étude de l'Atmosphère: Nuages Dynamique, Rayonnement et cycle de l'Eau) and space-borne CALIOP (Cloud Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations) lidar observations using two mineral dust model constrained by airborne in situ data and ground-based sunphotometer obtained during the campaign. The extent of the absorp, also had a talisman which performed a sim, Some of the Hausa even offered a virgin girl as sacrifice to the water, The prevalence of traditional religion and custom, at this period is evident in Al-Maghili’s le, public display of non-Islamic behaviour in order to protect young, religion remained pre-eminent among the people and the rulers could, repugnant and unacceptable. Culture provides a means of identification and self-assertion for the individual as well as the collective. Création lexicale et apprentissage des mathématiques en akyé ... maître doit exploiter le vocabulaire mathématique de l’akyé et comment il doit Annales Aequatoria, v. 22, p. 327-421. Étude comparée des principaux dialectes mandé, Paris, Publications de l'INALCO, 1904, p. 304; Monde Sénoufo. According to the. Genre, coutumes et droit colonial au Soudan français (1918-1939) (Gender, Customs and Colonial Law i... Radiative heating rates profiles associated with a springtime case of Bodélé and Sudan dust transpor... [Climatology: annotated findings from San station]. Sleutelwoorde: AANLEER VAN TAAL, ARABIES, DIALEKTIESE VARIANTE, DUITS,ENGELS, ETIMOLOGIEË, FONETIESE TRANSKRIPSIE, FONOLOGIE, FRANS, GRAMMATIESEKATEGORIEË, HAUSA, LEENWOORDE, NAAMLYSTE, NEOLOGISMES, NIGER,NIGERIË, ORTOGRAFIE, RUSSIES, STANDAARDDIALEK, STANDAARDISERING,