El fenómeno estoico en la sociedad antigua. [151] The senate accepted, granting Lucius the imperium, the tribunician power, and the name Augustus. There was then a crop of growing corn; there is now a ripe, gathered harvest. Just one thing prevented him from being completely happy, namely, that after rearing and educating his son in the best possible way he was vastly disappointed in him. The adoptive family of Marcus was of Roman Italo-Gallic origins: the gens Aurelia, into which Marcus was adopted at the age of 17, was a Sabine gens; Antoninus Pius, his adoptive father, came from the Aurelii Fulvi, a branch of the Aurelii based in Roman Gaul. Excuses were sought, or invented: the official version had it that the Seleucids broke faith first. 68–69. Unlike some of his predecessors, Marcus chose not to adopt an heir. an impasse between the Other and the self. arrived. [Marcus] did not meet with the good fortune that he deserved, for he was not strong in body and was involved in a multitude of troubles throughout practically his entire reign. [78], On 1 January 145, Marcus was made consul a second time. "It is an … Robin Hard, author of Meditations, on LibraryThing. [297], "Alone of the emperors, he gave proof of his learning not by mere words or knowledge of philosophical doctrines but by his blameless character and temperate way of life."[298]. Pascal may have been its last major intellectual. ', p. 69. and fortitude, isolation and social interaction, exaltation and pessimism. Pulleyblank, Edwin G.; Leslie, D. D.; Gardiner, K. H. J. [274] In one speech, Marcus himself reminded the Senate that the imperial palace where he lived was not truly his possession but theirs. of mutability; hence its favorite metaphor, fire and conflagration. 'Han Foreign Relations', in Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe (eds), This page was last edited on 17 December 2020, at 02:17. [256] On 12 October of that year, Marcus proclaimed two of his sons, Annius and Commodus, as his heirs. Intelligence (nous), which is of the divine, returns to the But the influence was [185][note 13] In other times of famine, the emperors are said to have provided for the Italian communities out of the Roman granaries. A stoic oscillates between resignation In 1920 there was 1 Marc Aurele family living in Massachusetts. necessity. Renan's "Marc-Aurèle"--in his "History of the Origins of Christianity," which appeared in 1882 - is the most vital and original book to be had relating to the time of Marcus Aurelius. from the fourth through the ninth century. [166] On 31 August, she gave birth at Lanuvium to twins: T. Aurelius Fulvus Antoninus and Lucius Aurelius Commodus. He now took the name Marcus Aelius Aurelius Verus Caesar. Lucius, who had just come to Rome, asked the Emperor, whom he met on his way, where he was going to and on what errand, and Marcus answered, ' it is good even for an old man to learn; I am now on my way to Sextus the philosopher to learn what I do not yet know.' He served as Roman consul in 140, 145, and 161. '[216], Fronto sent Marcus a selection of reading material,[218] and, to settle his unease over the course of the Parthian war, a long and considered letter, full of historical references. [68] He was made consul for 140 with Antoninus as his colleague, and was appointed as a seviri, one of the knights' six commanders, at the order's annual parade on 15 July 139. A frontier post had been destroyed, and it looked like all the peoples of central and northern Europe were in turmoil. [85] He had three tutors in Greek – Aninus Macer, Caninius Celer, and Herodes Atticus – and one in Latin – Fronto. to what degree this or that notion of the Emperor adumbrates this or that [150] Thus, although the senate planned to confirm Marcus alone, he refused to take office unless Lucius received equal powers. [112], Fronto had warned Marcus against the study of philosophy early on: 'It is better never to have touched the teaching of philosophy...than to have tasted it superficially, with the edge of the lips, as the saying is'. Nonetheless, his biographer attests that his character remained unaffected: 'He still showed the same respect to his relations as he had when he was an ordinary citizen, and he was as thrifty and careful of his possessions as he had been when he lived in a private household'. copy that has served since as the source of all others. He had a logical mind and his notes were representative of Stoic philosophy and spirituality. Birley, 'Hadrian to the Antonines', p. 156. [149], Although Marcus showed no personal affection for Hadrian (significantly, he does not thank him in the first book of his Meditations), he presumably believed it his duty to enact the man's succession plans. Champlin, 'Chronology of Fronto', p. 138. Because both Lucius and Marcus are said to have taken active part in the recovery (, Since 15 AD, the river had been administered by a Tiber Conservancy Board, with a consular senator at its head and a permanent staff. [153][note 9] It was the first time that Rome was ruled by two emperors. The Emperor anticipates Nietzsche’s «amor fati», also Pope John [161], A possible contact with Han China occurred in 166 when a Roman traveller visited the Han court, claiming to be an ambassador representing a certain Andun (Chinese: 安 敦), ruler of Daqin, who can be identified either with Marcus or his predecessor Antoninus. [225] Critics declaimed Lucius's luxurious lifestyle,[226] saying that he had taken to gambling, would 'dice the whole night through',[227] and enjoyed the company of actors. [114] Marcus kept in close touch with Fronto, but would ignore Fronto's scruples. [230], In the middle of the war, perhaps in autumn 163 or early 164, Lucius made a trip to Ephesus to be married to Marcus's daughter Lucilla. It drowned many animals, leaving the city in famine. He sent for Antoninus, who was at his side when he died on 10 July 138. [316] The oldest surviving complete manuscript copy is in the Vatican library and dates to the 14th century. The Parthian army dispersed in the Tigris. Way of Life In modern editions of Fronto's works, it is labeled De bello Parthico (On the Parthian War). Caesar» by All citations to the Historia Augusta are to individual biographies, and are marked with a 'HA'. [174] Lucius Volusius Maecianus, Marcus's former tutor, had been prefectural governor of Egypt at Marcus's accession. sybaritic freedom; a notion of freedom that Marketing plays with in order Marcus defeated the Marcomanni, Quadi, and Sarmatian Iazyges in the Marcomannic Wars; however, these and other Germanic peoples began to represent a troubling reality for the Empire. [125], In 149, Faustina gave birth again, to twin sons. Reflecting on the speech he had written on taking his consulship in 143, when he had praised the young Marcus, Fronto was ebullient: 'There was then an outstanding natural ability in you; there is now perfected excellence. This was not a new thing, but this time the numbers of settlers required the creation of two new frontier provinces on the left shore of the Danube, Sarmatia and Marcomannia, including today's Czechia, Slovakia, and Hungary. Annette L. Juliano and Judith A. Lerner (eds). 26 editions of Marcus Aurelius’ writings were published in the 17th century, 58 in the 18th century. [272] He showed marked interest in three areas of the law: the manumission of slaves, the guardianship of orphans and minors, and the choice of city councillors (decuriones). [163] The temple he had dedicated to his wife, Diva Faustina, became the Temple of Antoninus and Faustina. [202] Reinforcements were dispatched for the Parthian frontier. Marcus Annius Verus (initialement Marcus Catilius Severus) prend, après son adoption par l'empereur Antonin le Pieux, le nom de Marcus Ælius Aurelius Verus. While on campaign between 170 and 180, Marcus wrote his Meditations in Greek as a source for his own guidance and self-improvement. 2016 - Citation de Marc Aurèle - En te levant le matin, rappelle-toi combien précieux est le privilège de vivre, de respirer, d'être heureux. [47] Marcus thanks Alexander for his training in literary styling. Those in particular that refer to the beating and robbing I will describe so that they savour of gall and bile. The Column of Marcus Aurelius in Piazza Colonna. And Lucius, raising his hand to heaven, said, ' O Zeus, the king of the Romans in his old age takes up his tablets and goes to school.' ancient Greek text, which has never been seen again. rhetorical, and unlike Epictetus’ maxims, conveyed by Arrius in strong, Attic He attempts to formulate the congruence between them and to translate In. Husband of Ulpia Marciana: Levick (2014), p. 161. It was replaced with a statue of Saint Paul in 1589 by Pope Sixtus V.[321] The column of Marcus and the column of Trajan are often compared by scholars given how they are both Doric in style, had a pedestal at the base, had sculpted friezes depicting their respective military victories, and a statue on top.[322]. Hegel puts his finger on Stoicism’s Birley believes there is some truth in these considerations. '[212] He encouraged Marcus to rest, calling on the example of his predecessors (Antoninus had enjoyed exercise in the palaestra, fishing, and comedy),[213] going so far as to write up a fable about the gods' division of the day between morning and evening – Marcus had apparently been spending most of his evenings on judicial matters instead of at leisure. to ensnare us through our eyes, belly, and folly. Blaise Recently, he had served as procurator of five provinces. does not believe in immortality, although he suggests a temporary persistence surfaced in the writings of a Byzantine bishop, who had made a copy of the 'When Glass Was Treasured in China'. Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. A flamen, or cultic priest, was appointed to minister the cult of the deified Divus Antoninus. Ohio coal giant Murray Energy Corp. is "close to liquidation," according to this article in The Wall Street Journal.. They have been praised by fellow writers, philosophers, monarchs, and politicians centuries after his death. [265], Far more dangerous was the invasion of 166, when the Marcomanni of Bohemia, clients of the Roman Empire since 19 AD, crossed the Danube together with the Lombards and other Germanic tribes. has never forgiven Marcus Aurelius for his words, unkind to her, and for P. Julius Geminius Marcianus, an African senator commanding X Gemina at Vindobona (Vienna), left for Cappadocia with detachments from the Danubian legions. [132] In 159 and 160, Faustina gave birth to daughters: Fadilla and Cornificia, named respectively after Faustina's and Marcus's dead sisters. They The ab epistulis Sextus Caecilius Crescens Volusianus, in charge of the imperial correspondence, was replaced with Titus Varius Clemens. In return for this bounty, equivalent to several years' pay, the troops swore an oath to protect the emperors. The campaign had lasted only three days. His name at birth was supposedly Marcus Annius Verus,[11] but some sources assign this name to him upon his father's death and unofficial adoption by his grandfather, upon his coming of age,[12][13][14] or at the time of his marriage. [250] A second force, under Avidius Cassius and the III Gallica, moved down the Euphrates, and fought a major battle at Dura. [176], Fronto returned to his Roman townhouse at dawn on 28 March, having left his home in Cirta as soon as news of his pupils' accession reached him. Though the anecdotes of his life have the brittle quality of hagiography, Marcus displayed a consistent pattern of somber reserve and distaste for lesser mortals. [220], Over the winter of 161–162, news that a rebellion was brewing in Syria arrived and it was decided that Lucius should direct the Parthian war in person. The infants were buried in the Mausoleum of Hadrian, where their epitaphs survive. [101] His prayers for Fronto's health were more than conventional, because Fronto was frequently ill; at times, he seems to be an almost constant invalid, always suffering[102] – about one-quarter of the surviving letters deal with the man's sicknesses. Needless to say, from this «Natura New [104], Fronto never became Marcus's full-time teacher and continued his career as an advocate. [171] At the ceremonies commemorating the event, new provisions were made for the support of poor children, along the lines of earlier imperial foundations. Professional jurists called him 'an emperor most skilled in the law'[271] and 'a most prudent and conscientiously just emperor'. In turn, Antoninus adopted Marcus and Lucius, the son of Aelius. Divine talk, of course, is metaphor. [162] If his funeral followed those of his predecessors, his body would have been incinerated on a pyre at the Campus Martius, and his spirit would have been seen as ascending to the gods' home in the heavens. Meditations, the writings of "the philosopher" – as contemporary biographers called Marcus, are a significant source of the modern understanding of ancient Stoic philosophy. Her inheritance included large brickworks on the outskirts of Rome – a profitable enterprise in an era when the city was experiencing a construction boom – and the Horti Domitia Calvillae (or Lucillae), a villa on the Caelian hill of Rome. Commodus was a known consumptive at the time of his adoption, so Hadrian may have intended Marcus's eventual succession anyway. Articles & Essays by Members & Friends [288], Marcus was succeeded by his son Commodus, whom he had named Caesar in 166 and with whom he had jointly ruled since 177. In 161, the. Christian persecutions, more or less dormant through the reigns of Trajan, One notorious case brought him into conflict with Atticus. The original title of this work, if it had one, is unknown. In contrast to their behaviour during Antoninus's campaign to deify Hadrian, the senate did not oppose the emperors' wishes. He would not mention Herodes at all in his Meditations, in spite of the fact that they would come into contact many times over the following decades. Dio is vital for the military history of the period, but his senatorial prejudices and strong opposition to imperial expansion obscure his perspective. Birley, 'Hadrian to the Antonines', pp. [48] Alexander's influence – an emphasis on matter over style and careful wording, with the occasional Homeric quotation – has been detected in Marcus's Meditations. He asked Fronto for 'some particularly eloquent reading matter, something of your own, or Cato, or Cicero, or Sallust or Gracchus – or some poet, for I need distraction, especially in this kind of way, by reading something that will uplift and diffuse my pressing anxieties. If the gods are willing we seem to have a hope of recovery. stands 180 degrees from our individualistic (i.e. [214] Marcus could not take Fronto's advice. first printed in Zurich in 1558-59. [182] Soon, however, he would find he had many anxieties. Beyond the well-known game of measuring If I happen to call him an uneducated little Greek it will not mean war to the death'. Barnes, 'Hadrian and Lucius Verus. waning of Christianity, which, in spite of Roman pontiffs and Protestant But for my part, I admire him all the more for this very reason, that amid unusual and extraordinary difficulties he both survived himself and preserved the empire. The First Apology of Justin Martyr, Chapter LXVIII. Les petites anecdotes historiques d'un philosophe voïageur a l'empereur Marc Auréle aux Champs Elisés - Ebook written by . It was first published in 1558 in Zurich by Wilhelm Xylander (ne Holzmann), from a manuscript reportedly lost shortly afterwards. [289] Biological sons of the emperor, if there were any, were considered heirs;[290] however, it was only the second time that a "non-adoptive" son had succeeded his father, the only other having been a century earlier when Vespasian was succeeded by his son Titus. );[71] direct evidence for membership, however, is available only for the Arval Brethren. [156] As the biographer wrote, 'Verus obeyed Marcus...as a lieutenant obeys a proconsul or a governor obeys the emperor'. Marcus took the Parthicus Maximus now, after another tactful delay. '[181] Marcus's early reign proceeded smoothly; he was able to give himself wholly to philosophy and the pursuit of popular affection. As the biographer wrote, 'No one missed the lenient ways of Pius'. After Hadrian's adoptive son, Aelius Caesar, died in 138, the emperor adopted Marcus's uncle Antoninus Pius as his new heir. There are stray references in the ancient literature to the popularity of his precepts, and Julian the Apostate was well aware of his reputation as a philosopher, though he does not specifically mention Meditations. He told himself it was an attainable goal – 'Where life is possible, then it is possible to live the right life; life is possible in a palace, so it is possible to live the right life in a palace'[73] – but he found it difficult nonetheless. It 'affected his health adversely', his biographer writes, to have devoted so much effort to his studies. ought into fact. [136][note 8] He did not marry until 164. [14] Marcus was raised in his parents' home on the Caelian Hill, an upscale area with few public buildings but many aristocratic villas. not a dispassionate enquiry on right conduct. [167][note 11] Aside from the fact that the twins shared Caligula's birthday, the omens were favorable, and the astrologers drew positive horoscopes for the children. I love you and you are not here' in their correspondence. It survives as the church of San Lorenzo in Miranda. G. Puente-Ojea (Ideología In 164, a new capital, Kaine Polis ('New City'), replaced Artaxata. [170], Soon after the emperors' accession, Marcus's eleven-year-old daughter, Annia Lucilla, was betrothed to Lucius (in spite of the fact that he was, formally, her uncle). Marcus and Lucius gave the crisis their personal attention. Instead, Marcus was in the care of 'nurses',[36] and was raised after his father's death by his grandfather Marcus Annius Verus (II), who had always retained the legal authority of patria potestas over his son and grandson. [169] The births were celebrated on the imperial coinage. Birley, 'Hadrian to the Antonines', p. 157 n.53. Jeannette Perreault is a passionate Canadian painter who has exhibited her work nationally. Birley, 'Hadrian to the Antonines', p. 164. [72], Antoninus demanded that Marcus reside in the House of Tiberius, the imperial palace on the Palatine, and take up the habits of his new station, the aulicum fastigium or 'pomp of the court', against Marcus's objections. [116][note 7] He was the man Fronto recognized as having 'wooed Marcus away' from oratory. [215] Marcus Aurelius put on Fronto's voice to chastise himself: ''Much good has my advice done you', you will say!' Marcus had chosen a reliable man rather than a talented one. [100], He wrote Fronto a letter on his birthday, claiming to love him as he loved himself, and calling on the gods to ensure that every word he learnt of literature, he would learn 'from the lips of Fronto'. In the night he vomited; he had a fever the next day. [43] In April 132, at the behest of Diognetus, Marcus took up the dress and habits of the philosopher: he studied while wearing a rough Greek cloak, and would sleep on the ground until his mother convinced him to sleep on a bed. eshop@marc-aurel.com. [49], In late 136, Hadrian almost died from a hemorrhage. them, he passed them by.” One can almost hear an organ groaning in the background For this reason, Marcus decided not only against bringing more barbarians into Italy, but even banished those who had previously been brought there. amnesia. Julia Balbilla a possible lover of Sabina: A. R. Birley (1997). The formalities of the position would follow. [83] Coins were issued with the heads of the couple, and Antoninus, as Pontifex Maximus, would have officiated. ', and 'The happiness of your life depends upon the quality of your thoughts.' He might have died in 152, the same year as Marcus's sister Cornificia. [82] Little is specifically known of the ceremony, but the biographer calls it 'noteworthy'. His condition did not improve, and he abandoned the diet prescribed by his doctors, indulging himself in food and drink. The Sun Recommended for you. [228][note 16] Libo died early in the war; perhaps Lucius had murdered him. Fronto would later explain that he had not dared to write the emperors directly. It would mean the end of the felicitas temporum ('happy times') that the coinage of 161 had proclaimed. [161], Antoninus's funeral ceremonies were, in the words of the biographer, 'elaborate'. that, in the deity-talk of the period, the Emperor translates into the will [206], The northern frontiers were strategically weakened; frontier governors were told to avoid conflict wherever possible. It had conveyed the drama of the disaster, and the senate had been awed: 'Not more suddenly or violently was the city stirred by the earthquake than the minds of your hearers by your speech'. personalized deity, caritas, humilitas, resignatio, ascesis, contemptu mundi, In res litterae, the marriage of rhetoric and sincerity is as rare as He was there with his wife and children (another child had stayed with Fronto and his wife in Rome). James Marc-Aurele, Clinical Supervisor of Occupational Therapy, finds inspiration every day in the courage and perseverance of the cancer survivors whom he treats for lympedema. [264], Starting in the 160s, Germanic tribes, and other nomadic people launched raids along the northern border, particularly into Gaul and across the Danube. [240] When Lucius was hailed as imperator again, however, Marcus did not hesitate to take the Imperator II with him.      Early Christianity & Judaism His master, he writes to Fronto, was an unpleasant blowhard, and had made 'a hit at' him: 'It is easy to sit yawning next to a judge, he says, but to be a judge is noble work'. His campaigns against Germans and Sarmatians were also commemorated by a column and a temple built in Rome. When he criticized the insincerity of conventional language, Fronto took to defend it. It is a novel filled with anecdotes much similar to the Cyclopédie by Xénophon and where the author offers Charles V the example of the most perfect prince in Ancient Greece and Rome. Christianity in contempt (see book 11, paragraph 3). FAQ Purchasing Order Payment Delivery Returns Right of Withdrawal Service. [239] At the end of the year, Lucius took the title Armeniacus, despite having never seen combat; Marcus declined to accept the title until the following year. [267], The Costoboci, coming from the Carpathian area, invaded Moesia, Macedonia, and Greece. 1965. After Severianus made some unsuccessful efforts to engage Chosrhoes, he committed suicide, and his legion was massacred. an unctuous Protestant hymn. The Emperor’s Marcus goes on to request the senate desist from earlier courses of Christian persecution by Rome.[302]. [90] He thought the Stoics' desire for apatheia was foolish: they would live a 'sluggish, enervated life', he said. In the second century, the emperors treated Christianity as a local problem to be dealt with by their subordinates. Modern man ignores Mnemosyne and the sacred functions of her daughters. of the State, and the cosmic order, or «logos», of divine nature. [123] The first mention of Domitia in Marcus's letters reveals her as a sickly infant. [193] Vologases entered the Kingdom of Armenia (then a Roman client state), expelled its king and installed his own – Pacorus, an Arsacid like himself. There are 81 editions of The Meditations during the 19th century [296] The last named went so far as to call him "more philanthropic and philosophic" than Antoninus and Hadrian, and set him against the persecuting emperors Domitian and Nero to make the contrast bolder. [9], Marcus was born in Rome on 26 April 121. 1977. page 37). He and Faustina, Marcus wrote, had been 'pretty occupied' with the girl's care. The political scoundrels of our world could take a [188] Fronto would again remind his pupil of the tension between his role and his philosophic pretensions: 'Suppose, Caesar, that you can attain to the wisdom of Cleanthes and Zeno, yet, against your will, not the philosopher's woolen cape'. The citizens of Seleucia, still largely Greek (the city had been commissioned and settled as a capital of the Seleucid Empire, one of Alexander the Great's successor kingdoms), opened its gates to the invaders. 'Meditations' – as well as other titles including 'To Himself' – were adopted later. [190] Marcus had displayed rhetorical skill in his speech to the senate after an earthquake at Cyzicus. he must do. He was the last of the rulers known as the Five Good Emperors (a term coined some 13 centuries later by Niccolò Machiavelli), and the last emperor of the Pax Romana, an age of relative peace and stability for the Roman Empire. the Marcus Aurelius enough signs and symbols. Delivery by. [146] His death closed out the longest reign since Augustus, surpassing Tiberius by a couple of months. Pulleyblank, Leslie and Gardiner, pp. According to McLaughlin, the disease caused 'irreparable' damage to the Roman maritime trade in the Indian Ocean as proven by the archaeological record spanning from Egypt to India, as well as significantly decreased Roman commercial activity in Southeast Asia. metaphorical change, innovation, and loss since his time. The principles of the Emperor—his '[178] Fronto called on Marcus alone; neither thought to invite Lucius. This may have been the port city of Kattigara, described by Ptolemy (c. 150) as being visited by a Greek sailor named Alexander and lying beyond the Golden Chersonese (i.e. [179], Lucius was less esteemed by Fronto than his brother, as his interests were on a lower level. They did not survive long. Farquharson dates his death to 130 when Marcus was nine. Roman Calendar Marcus would remain in Rome, as the city 'demanded the presence of an emperor'. [98] Fronto put an uncharitable interpretation of Marcus's 'conversion to philosophy': 'In the fashion of the young, tired of boring work', Marcus had turned to philosophy to escape the constant exercises of oratorical training. "My name is Maximus Desimus Meridius, commander-in-chief of the armies of the north, general of the Félix legions, faithful servant of the true emperor Marc Aurèle. [8] Inscriptions and coin finds supplement the literary sources. the ancient pagan culture of Greece and Rome. 15 mai 2020 - Découvrez le tableau "Faits de psychologie" de suzie sur Pinterest. Marcus thanked the temple synod, 'even though this turned out otherwise'. [80] Never particularly healthy or strong, Marcus was praised by Cassius Dio, writing of his later years, for behaving dutifully in spite of his various illnesses. Marc Aurel Online. Crafted of bronze in circa 175, it stands 11.6 ft (3.5 m) and is now located in the Capitoline Museums of Rome. [127] He quoted from the Iliad what he called the 'briefest and most familiar saying...enough to dispel sorrow and fear':[128]. [120] Marcus thanks Rusticus for teaching him 'not to be led astray into enthusiasm for rhetoric, for writing on speculative themes, for discoursing on moralizing texts.... To avoid oratory, poetry, and 'fine writing''.[121]. Barnes, 'Legislation against the Christians'. [301] The early Christian apologist, Justin Martyr, includes within his First Apology (written between 140 and 150 A.D.) a letter from Marcus Aurelius to the Roman senate (prior to his reign) describing a battlefield incident in which Marcus believed Christian prayer had saved his army from thirst when "water poured from heaven," after which, "immediately we recognized the presence of God." It was the only thing the biographer could find fault with in Marcus's entire boyhood. [108] The outcome of the trial is unknown. ', 'Dwell on the beauty of life. Technically this was not an adoption, the creation of a new and different patria potestas. He found it difficult to keep himself upright without stays. There … [135] Lucius had no other titles, except that of 'son of Augustus'. Lucius Verus may have died from the plague in 169. [145] He then turned over, as if going to sleep, and died. [156][note 10], In spite of their nominal equality, Marcus held more auctoritas, or 'authority', than Lucius. Lucius took the title 'Medicus',[255] and the emperors were again hailed as imperatores, becoming 'imp. [111] In any case, Marcus's formal education was now over. We modern men do not share with The Meditations were [27][28] Marcus himself was born and raised in the Horti and referred to the Caelian hill as 'My Caelian'.[29][30][31]. labyrinth to the Wisdom of the ancient Stoa. Today’s political scoundrels have Dio adds that from Marcus's first days as counsellor to Antoninus to his final days as emperor of Rome, "he remained the same [person] and did not change in the least. 58 (1968): 32–50. [56] As part of Hadrian's terms, Antoninus, in turn, adopted Marcus and Lucius Commodus, the son of Lucius Aelius. of villages and mores in the name of laissez-faire, the Emperor had really the deeds against her flock in 177 at Lyons (P. J. Healy. The peace could not hold long; Lower Pannonia did not even have a legion. [123][304] One son and four daughters outlived their father. His first consulship was in 161, so he was probably in his early thirties,[208] and as a patrician, he lacked military experience. [165]) Faustina was three months pregnant at her husband's accession.