[28] Sura is also described as telling Hadrian in 108 about his selection as imperial heir. Le mot latin imperator, duquel dérive « empereur », ne désignait à l'origine qu'une qualité militaire (celle de général en chef) parmi tous les titres et pouvoirs accumulés par Auguste. [85] Also, according to the Digest, it was decreed by Trajan that when a city magistrate promised to achieve a particular public building, it was incumbent on his heirs to complete the building. Carlos F. Noreña, "The Ethics of Autocracy in the Roman World". No Tags, Be the first to tag this record! En 117, l'empereur Trajan mourait et Hadrien lui succédait à la tête de l'Empire romain. Nerva, l’empereur de Rome de 96 à 98, adopta Trajan. The Bodleian Libraries at the University of Oxford is the largest university library system in the United Kingdom. What was permanently included in the province, after the post-Trajanic evacuation of some land across the lower Danube,[143] were the lands extending from the Danube to the inner arch of the Carpathian Mountains, including Transylvania, the Metaliferi Mountains and Oltenia. [175] The fact that the alimenta were begun during and after the Dacian Wars and twice came on the heels of a distribution of money to the population of Rome (congiaria) following Dacian triumphs, points towards a purely charitable motive. [141] The fact that these former Danubian outposts had ceased to be frontier bases and were now in the deep rear acted as an inducement to their urbanization and development. [11], As a young man, he rose through the ranks of the Roman army, serving in some of the most contested parts of the Empire's frontier. [108] In addition, unlike the Germanic tribes, the Dacian kingdom was an organized state capable of developing alliances of its own,[109] thus making it a strategic threat and giving Trajan a strong motive to attack it. Their military function fulfilled, most of them fell into disrepair or were wrecked on purpose after Trajan's reign: cf. [257] It has been theorized that Quietus and his colleagues were executed on Hadrian's direct orders, for fear of their popular standing with the army and their close connections to Trajan. Taille à la livre . [171] It is possible that the scheme was, to some extent, a forced loan, something that tied unwilling landowners to the imperial treasure in order to make them supply some funds to civic expenses. Montag 30 November 2020 von 14:00 (Paris) Schauen Sie alle Elemente der Auktion. Augustus Caesar (27 BCE - 14 CE) was the name of the first and, by most accounts, greatest Roman emperor.Augustus was born Gaius Octavius Thurinus on 23 September 63 BCE. Ses alliés rejoignant les uns après les autres le camp de Vespasien, Vitellius est finalement battu au cours de la seconde bataille de Bedriacum. Also, a mural of Trajan stopping to provide justice for a poor widow is present in the first terrace of Purgatory as a lesson to those who are purged for being proud. [6] Besides this, Pliny the Younger's Panegyricus and Dio of Prusa's orations are the best surviving contemporary sources. Having come to the narrow strip of land between the Euphrates and the Tigris, he then dragged his fleet overland into the Tigris, capturing Seleucia and finally the Parthian capital of Ctesiphon. [134], Trajan built a new city, Colonia Ulpia Traiana Augusta Dacica Sarmizegetusa, on another site (north of the hill citadel holding the previous Dacian capital),[135] although bearing the same full name, Sarmizegetusa. [112], In 106, Rabbel II Soter, one of Rome's client kings, died. Il est juge à l'âge de 19 ans. [145] Even in the absence of further Roman expansion, the value of the province depended on Roman overall strength: while Rome was strong, the Dacian salient was an instrument of military and diplomatic control over the Danubian lands; when Rome was weak, as during the Crisis of the Third Century, the province became a liability and was eventually abandoned. After having appointed Hadrian his successor, Trajan died while returning to Italy from the east. In the West, that meant local senatorial families like his own. [12][2], Trajan was the son of Marcia, a Roman noblewoman and sister-in-law of the second Flavian Emperor Titus,[13] and Marcus Ulpius Trajanus, a prominent senator and general from the gens Ulpia. Trajan a donc été adopté par l'Empereur Nerva, cet Empereur … The Dacians and their allies were repulsed after two battles in Moesia, at Nicopolis ad Istrum and Adamclisi. [215] This newer, more "rational" frontier, depended, however, on an increased, permanent Roman presence east of the Euphrates. [280], Ancient sources on Trajan's personality and accomplishments are unanimously positive. Monnaie Romaine Bronze Empereur Constantin II IVème siècle après JC Roman Coin. [156], In 107 Trajan devalued the Roman currency. J.-C. Thématique : « Art, Etat et pouvoir » Leçon : L'Empire romain Dates repères de la leçon : - 27 av. In late 117, while sailing back to Rome, Trajan fell ill and died of a stroke in the city of Selinus. [86], Trajan ingratiated himself with the Greek intellectual elite by recalling to Rome many (including Dio) who had been exiled by Domitian,[87] and by returning (in a process begun by Nerva) a great deal of private property that Domitian had confiscated. [99] Trajan created at least fourteen new senators from the Greek-speaking half of the Empire, an unprecedented recruitment number that opens to question the issue of the "traditionally Roman" character of his reign, as well as the "Hellenism" of his successor Hadrian. L'empereur Auguste décède le 19 août 14 ap J-C, dans la ville natale de son père, Nola. His cartouche also appears in the column shafts of the Temple of Khnum at Esna. Il est traversé par une immense basilique dont la longueur est égale à celle du forum. Xem qua các ví dụ về bản dịch Trajan trong câu, nghe cách phát âm và học ngữ pháp. [244] The second army, however, under Appius Maximus Santra (probably a governor of Macedonia) was defeated and Santra killed. I - Avant Rome Homogénéité et peuplement de la France . Although misleadingly designated by some later writers as a provincial, his Ulpia gens came from Umbria and he was born a Roman citizen. [95] It must be added that, although Trajan was wary of the civic oligarchies in the Greek cities, he also admitted into the Senate a number of prominent Eastern notables already slated for promotion during Domitian's reign by reserving for them one of the twenty posts open each year for minor magistrates (the vigintiviri). Ph.D Thesis, University of Missouri, 2015, page 70. Par exemple : « Césautica, Claunégalo, Vivestido, Netrajhadan, Marcosepca », jusqu'à Caracalla. Le parent de Trajan qui devint son successeur, Adrien, accompagnait aussi l'empereur en qualité d'aide de camp, cornes expeditionis ï)acicœ, et l'auteur signale à ce sujet le récent travail de M. Friedlànder (Darsteltungen mis der Sittenyeschichte Roms, etc. [245] Later in 116, Trajan, with the assistance of Quietus and two other legates, Marcus Erucius Clarus and Tiberius Julius Alexander Julianus,[246][247] defeated a Parthian army in a battle where Sanatruces was killed (possibly with the assistance of Osroes' son and Sanatruces' cousin, Parthamaspates, whom Trajan wooed successfully). Trajan gouvernera toujours en étroite collaboration avec le Sénat, ce qui lui vaudra l’appui de ce dernier. He is also known for his philanthropic rule, overseeing extensive public building programs and implementing social welfare policies, which earned him his enduring reputation as the second of the Five Good Emperors who presided over an era of peace within the Empire and prosperity in the Mediterranean world. 1–35. Les ancêtres de Trajan, les Ulpii, sont originaires de Todi en Ombrie . Although frequently designated the first provincial emperor, his [289], It was only during the Enlightenment that this legacy began to be contested, when Edward Gibbon expressed doubts about the militarized character of Trajan's reign in contrast to the "moderate" practices of his immediate successors. Dion Cassius pense que l’empereur Hadrien (76-138), successeur de Trajan, en est à l’origine et ce afin de protéger les frontières de l’empire des invasions des tribus voisines des Roxolans et des Lazyges, peuples sarmates d’origine scythe. Trajan (M. Ulpius Trajanus Crinitus) est un empereur romain, né le 18 septembre 53, mort le 11 août 117 ap. [163] The fact that the scheme was restricted to Italy suggests that it might have been conceived as a form of political privilege accorded to the original heartland of the empire. A la mort de Nerva, Trajan devint le maître de l’Empire. [118] In 104 Decebalus devised a failed attempt on Trajan's life by means of some Roman deserters, and held prisoner Trajan's legate Longinus, who eventually poisoned himself while in custody. [214] It is possible that Quietus' campaign had as its goal the extending of the newer, more defensible Roman border eastwards towards the Caspian Sea and northwards to the foothills of the Caucasus. Celui-ci est très âgé et n'a pas d'héritier. [206] This interpretation is backed by the fact that all subsequent Roman wars against Parthia would aim at establishing a Roman presence deep into Parthia itself. Mort d'Auguste. Sévère arrive à Rome et décapite Julianus, puis s'allie avec Albinus contre Niger qu'il défait à Issos en 194. [124], Following the design of Apollodorus of Damascus, Trajan ordered the building of a massive bridge over the Danube, over which the Roman army was able to cross the river swiftly and in numbers, as well as to send in reinforcements, even in winter when the river was not frozen enough to bear the passage of a party of soldiers. Avant lui, Gordien III parvint à maîtriser la situation en versant des tributs annuels mais Phi-lippe Ier refusa en 248 de poursuivre ces paiements. Finally, in 105, Decebalus undertook an invasion of Roman-occupied territory north of the Danube. A propos de la guerre parthique de Trajan. [197] Accordingly, in his controversial book on the Ancient economy, Finley considers Trajan's "badly miscalculated and expensive assault on Parthia" to be an example of the many Roman "commercial wars" that had in common the fact of existing only in the books of modern historians. [82] One of the compensatory measures proposed by Pliny expressed a thoroughly Roman conservative position: as the cities' financial solvency depended on the councilmen's purses, it was necessary to have more councilmen on the local city councils. Dio, who tells this narrative, offers his father – the then governor of Cilicia Apronianus – as a source, and therefore his narrative is possibly grounded on contemporary rumor. [192] Commercial activity in second century Mesopotamia seems to have been a general phenomenon, shared by many peoples within and without the Roman Empire, with no sign of a concerted Imperial policy towards it. Trajan and a colleague of his, Publius Acilius Attianus, became co-guardians of the two children. Syme, R., 1971. Free shipping for many products! [9] Therefore, discussion of Trajan and his rule in modern historiography cannot avoid speculation. [291] Mommsen also speaks of Trajan's "insatiable, unlimited lust for conquest". Il est probable que le premier Ulpius installé en Bétique provienne de cette armée, bien qu'il soit aussi possible qu'il soit arrivé plus tar… [97] Severus was the grandfather of the prominent general Gaius Julius Quadratus Bassus, consul in 105. Download this stock image: Antiquite romaine, guerres daciques de Trajan, le roi dace Decebale (Decebal ou Decebalus ou Diurpaneus) depose les armes aux pieds de l'empereur roma - 2BRJNC0 from Alamy's library of millions of high resolution stock photos, illustrations and vectors. De plus, alors que Tibère vient de monter sur le trône, un premier usurpateur de l'Empire tente de prendre le pouvoir sans succès. Uskoro slika Cara postaje znamenje Carstva: svaki Rimljanin prepoznaje carev lik, pošto mu je video portret, bilo statuu bilo lik iskovan na novcu. Trajan est né sous le nom de Marcus Ulpius Traianus le 18 septembre en 53 après J-C à Italica près de Séville ( Espagne ). EUR 22,50. F. A. Lepper, "Trajan's Parthian War" (1948). [162] This outdated stance was confirmed by Pliny when he wrote that the recipients of the alimenta were supposed to people "the barracks and the tribes" as future soldiers and electors – two roles ill-fitted to the contemporary reality of an empire stretching across the entire Mediterranean and ruled by an autocrat. Si on considère la nature de la mort de ces 164 empereurs (soit naturelle, soit violente) on constate que la proportion de morts naturelles est de 44% pour les empereurs « légitimes », 30 % pour les usurpateurs légitimés et seulement 7% pour les usurpateurs non légitimés. En 96, l'empereur Domitien est assassiné et c'est le sénateur Nerva qui devient empereur. Patrick Le Roux, IN Ségolène Demougin, ed., Longden, "Notes on the Parthian Campaigns", 8. [62] Nevertheless, as a Greek local magnate with a taste for costly building projects and pretensions of being an important political agent for Rome,[63] Dio of Prusa was actually a target for one of Trajan's authoritarian innovations: the appointing of imperial correctores to audit the civic finances[64] of the technically free Greek cities. Kiểm tra các bản dịch 'Trajan' sang Tiếng Pháp. [187] The rationale behind Trajan's campaign, in this case, was one of breaking down a system of Far Eastern trade through small Semitic ("Arab") cities under Parthia's control and to put it under Roman control instead. J.E. J.-C. Son père suivit toutes les étapes de la politique romaine jusqu'au sénat. [254] Whether or not the Kitos War theater included Judea proper, or only the Jewish Eastern diaspora, remains doubtful in the absence of clear epigraphic and archaeological evidence. Mais Trajan est avant tout un empereur militaire, connu pour ses deux guerres contre les Daces (Roumanie) qui se soldent en 106-107 par le suicide du roi Décébale et la réduction de la Dacie en province impériale (reliefs de la Colonne Trajane à Rome). The wretched woman, in the midst of all this, La dynastie des Julio-Claudiens règne du début de l'Empire en 27 av. His conquest of Dacia enriched the empire greatly, as the new province possessed many valuable gold mines. Justice requires it and pity holds me back.' Fils adoptif et héritier d'Antonin le Pieux. [148] On the other hand, commercial agricultural exploitation on the villa model, based on the centralized management of a huge landed estate by a single owner (fundus) was poorly developed. L'empire Romain, après August, avait été plus défendu qu' agrandi; il l'élargie de l'an en large. [205], Finally, there are other modern historians who think that Trajan's original aims were purely military and quite modest: to assure a more defensible Eastern frontier for the Roman Empire, crossing Northern Mesopotamia along the course of the Khabur River in order to offer cover to a Roman Armenia. IN Ryan K. Balot, ed.. Bernard W. Henderson, "Five Roman Emperors" (1927). It was at this point that Trajan's health started to fail him. BROAD-STREET. Il mourut dans sa villa de Lorium, à douze milles de Rome, à l’âge de soixante-treize ans, et la vingt-troisième année de son règne. Therefore, in reality the post was conceived as a means for "taming" both Greek notables and Roman senators. Il défait Clodius Albinus en 196 au cours de la bataille de Lugdunum. Immédiatement, il s'attire une immense popularité hors d'Italie, car c'est la première fois qu'un provincial devient empereur. [225] It is noteworthy that no new legions were raised by Trajan before the Parthian campaign, maybe because the sources of new citizen recruits were already over-exploited. [165] Finley thinks that the scheme's chief aim was the artificial bolstering of the political weight of Italy, as seen, for example, in the stricture – heartily praised by Pliny – laid down by Trajan that ordered all senators, even when from the provinces, to have at least a third of their landed estates in Italian territory, as it was "unseemly [...] that [they] should treat Rome and Italy not as their native land, but as a mere inn or lodging house". In a fierce campaign which seems to have consisted mostly of static warfare, the Dacians, devoid of maneuvering room, kept to their network of fortresses, which the Romans sought systematically to storm[132] (see also Second Dacian War). T rajan, devenu empereur de Rome en janvier 98, peu après son adoption par Nerva, est mort à Sélinonte, petite ville de Cilicie, au sud de … VOL. After a brief and tumultuous year in power, culminating in a revolt by members of the Praetorian Guard, he was compelled to adopt the more popular Trajan as his heir and successor. Il fut surnommé le Pieux à cause de sa clémence. So he said: 'Now be comforted, for I must Trajan a gravi la carrière des honneurs jusqu'au consulat en 91. He had pursued a senatorial career without particular distinction and had not been officially adopted by Trajan (although he received from him decorations and other marks of distinction that made him hope for the succession). David H. Higgins in his notes to Purgatorio X l. 75 says: "Pope Gregory the Great (d. 604) was held to have swayed the justice of God by prayer ('his great victory'), releasing Trajan's soul from Hell, who, resuscitated, was converted to Christianity. Il est difficile d'établir le nombre précis d'empereurs romains de 27 av. [100] But then Trajan's new Eastern senators were mostly very powerful and very wealthy men with more than local influence[101] and much interconnected by marriage, so that many of them were not altogether "new" to the Senate. [172] The same notion of exploiting private – and supposedly more efficient – management of a landed estate as a means to obtain public revenue was also employed by other similar and lesser schemes.