d’autre part, l’apprentissage d’une L2 (vocabulaire courant), qui concerne 4 langues: bamanankan, fulfuld e, songhay et soninké. 1973. nus à surmonter d'énormes difficultés de vocabulaire. It is argued that some isolated groups of Sub-Saharan All these suggest strong Borno cultural influence on. In accepting Islam, however, the Hausa kings did not feel any, need to dismantle the existing social institutions and customs. Vocabulaire international du vingtième siècle. Hierdie artikelgaan die historiese ontwikkeling van die groter studies aan die hand van hulle tipe en funksieas algemene naslaanwerke, gespesialiseerde werke, opvoedkundige werke, en terminologiesewerke na. Pour les mots où elle est difficile, la prononciation est indiquée en alphabet phonétique. Create a blank & editable W-3 form, fill it out and send it instantly to the IRS. C'est indiquer clairement une autre approche qui complète celles déjà classiques : Égypte-monde méditerranéen, Égypte monde sémitique. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1937), 459. Any device and OS. 1 In other words, culture is a way of life, a system of values shared by a particular group, nation or people. led to the Islamisation of Hausa culture. The Dogon languages are a small closely-related language family that spoken by the Dogon people of Mali and may belong to the larger Niger–Congo family.There are about 600,000 speakers of its dozen languages. M. G. Smith, ‘The Beginning of Hausa Society’, in Jan Vansina, A Hausa Dictionary and English-Hausa Vocabulary, R. A. Adeleye, ‘Hausaland and Borno 1600-1800’, in J. F. Ade, Muhammad al-Hajj, ‘A Seventeenth Century Chronicle on the. Although Islam is not indigenous to Hausaland it has, along with the Hausa language, become the most distinguishing feature of Hausa culture. These ‘pagan rites’ were still evident in. The harmettan is a dry wind full of sand and other matter which is extremely dangerous for living things, especially in February. 2 L’akyé est une langue parlée en Côte d’Ivoire. que quelques groupes isolés ont maintenu un mode de vie chasseur-cueilleur jusqu’à aussi récemment que la fin du premier millénaire Mills, Richard. Par exemple, elle va donner notamment les fréquences d’occurrences dans différents corpus, la représentation phonologique, les lemmes associés, le nombre de syllabes, la catégorie grammaticale, et bien d’autres informations. This influence was essentially Islamic in, character. The article interrogates the historical processes that led to the Islamisation of Hausa culture. Thèse de troisième cycle, Université de Nice. Dithet 'n ryk leksikografiese tradisie wat ongeveer twee eeue oud is. La formation des néologismes est déterminée par des influences sociologiques: 1. Vocabulaire français-dyoula. All rights reserved. the Kanawa from being decimated by the invaders. B. Usman and N. Alkali, Introduction to the Folklore and the Folk. Pages 341-421 contains a photographic reprint of Boeck’s grammar in its entirety. baoulé, bété, guéré, koulango, mahou, sénoufo et yacouba. Join ResearchGate to find the people and research you need to help your work. The Sakiliba case (1918) and the Haw case (1939) show us how some African women did not hesitate to have recourse to the complaints procedure of the colonial administration against the patriarchal traditional power. were incorporated into the state apparatus, and that of the Fulani nomads. in the region are, p>Abstract: Hausa, a major language of West Africa, is one of the most widely studied languagesof Sub-Saharan Africa. Profiles of heating rates are computed from airborne LEANDRE 2 (Lidar Embarqué pour l'étude de l'Atmosphère: Nuages Dynamique, Rayonnement et cycle de l'Eau) and space-borne CALIOP (Cloud Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations) lidar observations using two mineral dust model constrained by airborne in situ data and ground-based sunphotometer obtained during the campaign. 11 avr. Dictionnaire sénoufo-français : sénanri—parler tyébara (Cô d’Iv ir ). See Hunwick, ‘Songhay, Borno and Hausa States’, 337. See A. H. M. Kirk-Green, ‘Neologism in Hausa: A Sociological. L'héritage colonial dans le domaine du lexique, en particulier les influences françaises et anglaises sur le haoussa. Thus, they forced the administration to take a stand on the issue of the relationships between customs, colonial law, "women's condition" and "indigenous marriage" in French West Africa. au moment de leur arrivée dans la région, sont uilisées por soutenir cette argumentation. Dyula (or Jula, Dioula, Julakan ߖߎ߬ߟߊ߬ߞߊ߲) is a language of the Mande language family spoken in Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast and Mali.It is one of the Manding languages and is most closely related to Bambara, being mutually intelligible with Bambara as well as Malinke.It is a trade language in West Africa and is spoken by millions of people, either as a first or second language. Sudan and transported across West Africa in the African easterly jet region, during which airborne operations were conducted at the regional scale, from the southern fringes of the Sahara to the Gulf of Guinea. VOCABULAIRE SENOUFO : NOM MASCULIN… Analyse plérématique du tyebari (un dialecte sénoufo). No software installation. Ahmadu Bello University Press, 1989), 49. Northern Nigeria to 1804, a Provisional Account’. to support this argument. Création lexicale et apprentissage des mathématiques en akyé ... maître doit exploiter le vocabulaire mathématique de l’akyé et comment il doit Although an ambivalent harm, with the immigrant community of teachers and preachers to propagate, over the whole of Hausaland. These features distinguish one culture from the other, one way of life from the other. This season lasts from April to October. Two other basic linguistic sources for culture-historical conclusions are not considered here, those based on the relationships and distribution of languages as such, and those based on the reconstructed vocabularies of particular Ursprachen, that is, the ancestral speech-forms of specific groups of genetically related languages. de l’Afrique de l’Ouest est presenté, fondé sur l’idée d’une présence à long terme de societiés indigènes au sud du Sahara. Vir elke werk is daar 'n algemene bespreking oor sy grootte, akkuraatheid van die fonologiese,leksikale en grammatikale inligting, en die toereikendheid van sy definisies en illustratiewemateriaal. According to the. 2.1.1 Les grandes familles linguistiques de la Côte d’Ivoire Selon la classification de Greenberg (1963) [2] et en nous fondant sur les clivages Nord/Sud/Est/Ouest, les grandes familles linguistiques en Côte d’Ivoire se répartissent entre quatre (4) groupes : - Le groupe GUR ou VOLTAÏQUE (senoufo, koulango, lobi, gurunsi, etc.) , and a market; the appointment of eunuchs into offices, associated with the introduction of Mahdist, Abd al-Rahman Suqqayn, was in Kano in c.1519, (gifts) to Borno. This article traces the historical development of the major studies accordingto their type and function as general reference works, specialized works, pedagogical works, andterminological works. 2. The sensitivity of the so-derived heating rate is also analyzed for some key variables for which the associated uncertainties may be large. The, had already embarked on its match to the apex of Hausa culture, and, arrived in Hausaland before the fifteenth centu, Sarki Rumfa introduced twelve innovations, which were, into Hausaland. Vocabulaire économique de base L'accent tonique est indiqué par l'usage du gras sur la voyelle accentuée. It has a rich lexicographic tradition dating back some two centuries. «|œb½qraà~–v¨†é\ÖMãòÏ6±EÆFq•&ŽB›0Ô$s]‘Hxmʧ)ָҊèùÆ3l՚jô.nªqӄÁÄUµåƒš+ð ®çM¼ o&îªuã†r³Ù8B™ÈV:Õ&̙g—Uv$S-jú9%AxHžÀhOg6%:ª/ûSaÓ֒WÆbNa­¿‹uFn¨ËøNÞs#. commercial relations with the outside world. This change in the locus of power enhanced the Islamisation of Hausa, culture. Download Dictionnaire Waama Francais full book in PDF, EPUB, and Mobi Format, get it for read on your Kindle device, PC, phones or tablets. Hunwick, ‘Songhay, Borno and Hausa States’, 338. & Soro Tenena Techniques, rituels et organisation sociale des forgerons Shi, Sud-Kivu, République démocratique du Congo (pdf, 1.8 MB) 338-45. Voir plus d'idées sur le thème Coloriage chiffre, Coloriage, Coloriage magique. In c.1487, the, Timbuktu jurist, Ahmad b. Umar, the grandfather of the celebrated, ideas into West Africa, corresponded with Sarkin Kats, Hausaland’s contact with Islamic culture was, with the arrival of the Shaikh Muhammad ibn, activities to Katsina where he was received by S, Uthman dan Fodio and his fellow jihadists three centur, Other Islamic scholars also came to Hausaland a, urbanisation, government, warfare, and even specialised, There is thus a strong linguistic evidence of Kanuri, influence on Hausa culture. Il est proposé Télécharger Contes et légendes du Burkina-Faso : Recueillis en pays sénoufo PDF. Dictionnaire Sénoufo–Français (ISBN 978-3-89645-115-6) Cross-reference: Nyagalen Mugan Tarawele (ISBN 978-3-89645-263-4) Phénomènes de contact entre les langues minyanka et bambara (sud du Mali) (ISBN 978-3-89645-113-2) Reviews des sites dans la meme région sont réexaminées dans la lumière de la séquence culturelle de Korounkorokalé. Sleutelwoorde: AANLEER VAN TAAL, ARABIES, DIALEKTIESE VARIANTE, DUITS,ENGELS, ETIMOLOGIEË, FONETIESE TRANSKRIPSIE, FONOLOGIE, FRANS, GRAMMATIESEKATEGORIEË, HAUSA, LEENWOORDE, NAAMLYSTE, NEOLOGISMES, NIGER,NIGERIË, ORTOGRAFIE, RUSSIES, STANDAARDDIALEK, STANDAARDISERING, Luragoli Dictionary - PDF, 110 Pages (Text & Images). M. G. Smith, 'The Beginning of Hausa Society', in Jan Vansina Les décisions de l'administration coloniale en la matière furent en réalité marquées, jusqu'à la fin des années 1930, par un tiraillement intrinsèque entre l'idée républicaine d'émancipation et un pragmatisme colonial basé sur le respect des "coutumes indigènes" pour s'assurer le soutien du "pouvoir traditionnel". B. Usman, ‘A Consideration of Relations between Borno, R.A. Adeleye, ‘Hausaland and Borno, 1600-1800’, in Ajayi and, Power and Diplomacy in Northern Nigeria, 1804-. C’est à Paris, capitale de l’art moderne, qu’il contribua aux multiples expériences … 1985), 579-84. dans tel masque Senoufo ou les Entretiens avec Ogotemméli » (1). In reality, up to the end of the 1930s, the decisions of the colonial administration on this matter remained steeped in the intrinsic friction between the republican idea of emancipation and a colonial pragmatism keen on respecting "indigenous customs" in order to secure the support of the "traditional power". from this reinvestigation supports the idea of a long-term recurrent occupation of this site by peoples possessing a conservative 2016 - Assistante Maternelle Toulon ouest nounou Toulon ouest garde d enfant toulon ouest guéré, koulango, mahou, sénoufo. Islam and the Hausa language, communities scattered throughout the region. 12 oct. 2015 - Découvrez le tableau "BRICOLAGES COLORIAGES CHIFFRES" de Mag sur Pinterest. (London: Longman, 1971, 3rd Edn. H. A. S. Johnston, The Fulani Empire of Sokoto (London, 1967). The present study is intended both as a substantive historical contribution, and as an illustration of the possibilities and the limitations of one particular type of historical inferences that can be drawn from language, namely, the study of words borrowed from one language into another. Téléchargement Gratuit Ingmar Bergman Ebook - PDF, ePub en ligne Ebook PDF Télécharger Biographies gratuites et mémoires Online.Hi il, merci de vérifier ici et merci de visiter le site web du livre. Le programme de l’Éducation … Des datations apparemment aberrantes du premier millénaire aprés J-C, viennent Les personnes qui consultent votre Événement pourront cliquer sur la référence pour la consulter dans leur lecteur de la Bible, d'où ils pourront l'enregistrer en favori, la surligner et plus encore. If rainfall is inadequate several plantings may be necessary. ‘Malamanci’, le jargon de la nouvelle élite, surtout des cadres administratifs et politiques. *§¨\äҗ A I»¡o^9‡ â:âîV¸+éú}֗•'þ7¨=2KT¨¡6 Seemingly aberrant “recent” first millennium AD dates from similar sites Jean-Paul Colleyn. Strong warming (i.e. The article posits that Islam and the Hausa language are, currently, the most distinguishing features of the cultural traits of the Hausa. The uncertainty on the heating rate retrievals in the optically thickest part of the dust plume was estimated to be between 0.5 and 1.4 K day−1. Although this suggests Kano’s. To appear. Les données Oral traditions among These became prim, Islamic acculturation in Hausaland. This raises the obvious question on how Islam came to be so infused into Hausa culture as to become one of its most distinguishing characteristics. © 2008-2020 ResearchGate GmbH. © 1993-2001. Un nouveau modèle pour le peuplement Easily complete a printable IRS W-3 Form 2018 online. L'argot haoussa s'est développé à partir de termes relatifs au vêtement, au cinéma et à la radio, à l'alcool, à la sexualité, à l'école et à l'université. Il est conseillé de travailler sa prononciation en Pour la langue, nous nous intéresserons à celle d’un des plus anciens peuples installé en Côte d’Ivoire : le Sénoufo, peuple à la culture millénaire installé dans le Centre et le Nord de la Côte d’Ivoire. 4. Histoire de Samori en mandé. The extent of the absorp, also had a talisman which performed a sim, Some of the Hausa even offered a virgin girl as sacrifice to the water, The prevalence of traditional religion and custom, at this period is evident in Al-Maghili’s le, public display of non-Islamic behaviour in order to protect young, religion remained pre-eminent among the people and the rulers could, repugnant and unacceptable. This discussion became very lively within the colonial administration from 1920s onwards. Power and Diplomacy in Northern Nigeria 1804-1906, Nigerian Perspectives: An Historical Anthology, Le Diwan des Sultans du (Kanem-) Bornu: Chronologie et Histoire d'Un Royaume Africain (De la fin du Xe Siecle Jusqu'a 1808), Neologisms in Hausa: A Sociological Approach, The Arabic Literature of Nigeria to 1804: A Provisional Account, Linguistic Evidence for the Influence of the kanuri on the Hausa, Korounkorokalé revisited: ThePays Mande and the West African microlithic technocomplex. Leur nom à l'origine gagou est un sobriquet ''ka gou ''utilisé par les kweni (Gouro ) qui signifie ''allez vous en''ou partez No paper. During daytime, the warming associated with the presence of dust was found to be between 1.5 K day−1 and 4 K day−1, on average, depending on altitude and latitude. Crops are planted in late May or early July. The article traces the historical processes that made this possible. Connaissez vous le peuple Gban ''Gagou ''. En voici la base même si elle peut varier selon les régions du « Pays » Sénoufo. Kanuri loan words in the Hausa language have Arabic roots. The monthly distribution of rainfall is extremely variable from year to year, and the amount of rainfall in adjacent areas may also vary greatly. heating rates as high as 8 K day−1) was also observed locally in some limited part of the dust plumes. Comment dire ou écrire Je t'aime dans toutes les langues. We focus on two days (13 and 14 June 2006) of an intense and long lasting episode of dust being lifted in remote sources in Chad and. 5. Vous pouvez découvrir la sélection de livres loin. Annual rainfall averages from 1921-80 according to 3 series have ranged from 749-776 mm, but from 1981-86 only 609.66 mm fell on average, a worrisome trend partly explaining poor harvests in recent years. Kens uro usiness nglish or renchpeaing awyers 2 site ww.kenfagan.comfr • email kencfagan@gmail.com tel 1 1 5 5 Vous allez maitriser le vocabulaire de l’Anglais des Affaires dont vous avez besoin pour votre carrière (et pour vous vous sentir à l’aise!) TCdYSdbS^ᗡ¼FƒøGáúSÙF ¦mâMäcsP3ìsDëÌÍôîh™ì8Á‡÷Ψ–÷ƒ|‡­pjG=ÀaB6£0Ϭ¡SV@ytu¨ã»)œY 'n Volledige lys van die leksikografiese werke is ingesluit. A new model for the peopling of West Africa is presented based upon a long-term autochthonous presence Download & print with other fillable US tax forms in PDF. Cette étude questionne, le phénomène des divergences, convergences et correspondances entre le théâtre et la peinture, avec comme point d’ancrage, leur place et leur rôle à l’intérieur de la taxinomie des arts. The defeat of Kano not withstanding, the episode demonstrates, acculturation. Hausaland before the Advent of Islam Hausaland, lying mainly in the Nigerian savannah, has featured prominently in the history of West Africa. Sélectionnez n'importe quel verset ou passage Biblique, dans n'importe laquelle des plus de 1200 versions de la Bible en plus de 900 langues. south of the Sahara. For each work, there is a general discussion of its size, accuracy of the phonological,lexical, and grammatical information, and the adequacy of its definitions and illustrativematerial. S. A. Balogun, ‘History of Islam up to 1800’, in O. Ikime, (ed.). Sur base des méthodes analytique et L'auteur souligne la nécessité d'établir un dictionnaire du parler haoussa moderne y compris les néologismes postérieurs à 1940 et de poursuivre des recherches dans le comportement des mots d'emprunt et sur le vocabulaire haoussa sous l'influence coloniale. Cultures can be identified and classified according to the beliefs, customs, practices, language, and social behaviour of the practitioners. During nighttime much smaller values of heating/cooling are retrieved (less than ±1 K day−1). Geographically, the area is sandwiched between the western and central Sudan and has been greatly influenced by developments arising from the strong links established quite early between the Sudan and the Moslem world across the Sahara. Apprendre le Sénoufo est une application qui vous permettra de vous familiariser avec le Sénoufo plus précisement le Pongala, dialecte des régions de Kasséré et Boundiali (Côte d'Ivoire). Télécharger D. : ben loulou : entre ombre et lumiere PDF. L'expression de ces termes en haoussa se fait soit par des mots empruntés à l'arabe classique ou par l'assimilation du mot étranger ou par une paraphrase de mots haoussa. Keywords: ARABIC, BILINGUAL LEXICOGRAPHY, DIALECTAL VARIANTS, DICTIONARIES,ENGLISH, ETYMOLOGIES, FRENCH, GERMAN, GLOSSARIES, GRAMMATICALCATEGORIES, HAUSA, LANGUAGE LEARNING, LOANWORDS, NEOLOGISMS, NIGER,NIGERIA, ORTHOGRAPHY, PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION, PHONOLOGY, RUSSIAN, STANDARDDIALECT, STANDARDIZATION, TERMINOLOGY, VOCABULARIES, WEST AFRICA. Temperatures fall and rise again in October to reach the 2nd maxima. Voyagez à travers l'Afrique grâce à sa Littérature et à ses Auteurs. and Hausaland before 1804’, in Y. (Zaria: Ahmadu Bello University Press, 1978), 59, n. 1. Sincethe first major vocabulary published in 1843 up to the present time, almost 60 lexicographic works— dictionaries, vocabularies, glossaries — have been published, in a range of metalanguages, fromEnglish to, Dans cet article, l'étude de deux affaires qui ont lieu dans la région de Kayes au Soudan français (Mali actuel) à vingt ans d'intervalle, l'affaire Sakiliba (1918) et l'affaire Haw (1939) nous montrent comment certaines Africaines n'hésitèrent pas à s'adresser directement à l'administration coloniale pour contester le pouvoir patriarcal traditionnel et forcer ainsi l'administration à prendre, The radiative heating rate due to mineral dust over West Africa is investigated using the radiative code STREAMER, as well as remote sensing and in situ observations gathered during the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis Special Observing Period (AMMA SOP). 2003. Islam and the Prevalence of Traditional Religion, Islamic doctrine found ready acceptance among the Hausa Sarakuna. Köln : Rüdiger Köppe. Étude comparée des principaux dialectes mandé, Paris, Publications de l'INALCO, 1904, p. 304; Monde Sénoufo. Découvrez d'autres expressions dans toutes les langues, et utilisez notre forum pour faire traduire de nouveaux mots ou expressions. En 1992 et 1993, l’abri-sous-roche de Korounkorokalé, localisé au cour du Pays Mande, a été refouillé par Vauteur. Choose from 118 different sets of cote d'ivoire flashcards on Quizlet. The Fulani Emirs adopted the institu, elaborate court ceremonial and its feudal social relations. That far-reaching movement of political and religious reform, initiated in 1804 under the leadership of Shehu Usuman dan Fodio (in Arabic texts ‘ b. Fūdī, often surnamed Nur al-zamdn and Mujaddid al-isldm ) clearly marks off the division between the early and the modern period in the Arabic literature of this area. Le code moderne des initiales où le mot prend la forme des initiales de la locution étranger et non celles de l'expression haoussa. The Em, adopted even the hereditary principle to succession, which the jihad, perceived to be repugnant to Muslims. Laughren, Mary. Sarki Yaji is reported to have accepted Islam, built a m, encouraged his followers to defile the mosque. Furthermore, cooling is observed as the result of the longwave forcing in the dust layer, while warming is observed below the dust layer, in the monsoon layer. These, awareness of Muslims who began to question the basis of the existing, eighteenth century, the Muslim Communities or, ordinated existence and central leadership.’, The Jihad and the Islamisation of Hausa Culture, emergence of the Fulani reformer and cleric, Shaikh Uthm, Fodio, as the foremost Islamic scholar and p, imposition of uncanonical taxes and compulsory m, By preaching against oppression, the Shaikh won the supp. Bawuro Barkindo asserts that: on the military might of Borno which does no, Sarki Tsaga Rano (c.1431-1480) began the practice of sending gifts to, John Hunwick has suggested that this subservient. 3. Culture provides a means of identification and self-assertion for the individual as well as the collective. L’expérience menée depuis 2001 et prévue pour trois années a eu des résultats jugés satisfaisants mais dont la mise en application généralisée est gênée par la crise que vit la Côte d’Ivoire aujourd’hui. 29 août 2020 - Découvrez le tableau "vocabulaire" de Sylvie Thirion sur Pinterest. /// This article analyzes two cases which took place in the region of Kayes, French Sudan (now known as Mali), twenty years apart. B. O. M. Don, Y. Konaté & K. T. Koffi Akofena çn°001 117 dira à ce propos que le dioula est la langue qui s’offre comme alternative aux masses illettrées détribalisées qui forment le gros du prolétariat urbain. Annales Aequatoria, v. 22, p. 327-421. Eventually, the Shaikh, See Abdullahi Smith, ‘Some Considerations Relating to the. In the northwest, the emergence of Agades as the, move southwards where it came into serious competition with Katsina, sphere of influence of the Borno Kingdom. quartz microlithic tradition for at least 5000 years. Télécharger Correspondance. Introduction In 1871, the British anthropologist Edward Burnett Tylor, defined culture as 'that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.' during the reign of the eleventh Sarkin Kano Yaji (c.1349-1385). Classification des langues : familles de langues, langues, nombre de locuteurs et zone géographique principale. microlithique du quartz pendant au moins 5000 ans. Few of, the existing culture. The greatest of these influences was, undoubtedly, Islam, which, as we have noted, is one of the two distinguishing features of the cultural traits of the Hausa. 6. Ce débat fut très vif au sein de l'administration coloniale à partir des années 1920. Karau relocated the city of Katsina at its, Islam. Picasso est sans conteste l’un des artistes les plus connus du XXe siècle. 1972), p.77 cited in Hunwick, ‘Songhay, Borno and Hausa. position sur la question des rapports entre coutumes, droit colonial, "condition de la femme" et "mariage indigène" en Afrique occidentale française. reexamined in the light of the Korounkorokalé sequence. Islam gained total, Caliphate Islam, along with the Hausa language becam, Microsoft Encarta Reference Library 2002. B. Holas, L'art sacré sénoufo, Presses universitaires de France, 1978; Sinali Coulibaly, Le paysan sénoufo… Islam provided the basis for a new beginning, and it served as, signify a new beginning. Depending on the predominant anticyclone, the winds are dry from the Sahara or humid from the Austral. ‘Gaskiyanci’, du journal vernaculaire ‘Gaskiya’ publié en langue haoussa dans le Nigéria du nord, et ‘bibisiyanci’, du B.B.C. Opsomming: Die leksikografiese tradisie in Hausa. Mills, Elizabeth. No great differences are observed between average temperatures collected beginning in 1921 and more recent series. Mallam, communities to develop a sense of cohesion and a comm, the preserve of the Fulani intelligentsia which retained, identity through a ‘close network of family and academic, immigrant scholars with access to the latest ideas and books. These latter two methods are not excluded either for dogmatic or methodological reasons, but simply because they do not yield relevant results for the particular problems being considered, although they are very useful in other connexions. Esq iss ph iq ramma ica d’ par r sénoufo. Le mariage est l'union entre deux personnes, de sexes différents ou de même sexe, consacrée par une déclaration solennelle (célébration) reçue par un officier de l'état civil (le maire, l'un de ses adjoints ou une personne qu'il délègue). Get ready for this year's Tax Season quickly and safely with pdfFiller! Hunwick, ‘Songhay, Borno and Hausa States’, 330. モリス・ドゥラフォス（ Maurice Delafosse; 1870年 12月20日 - 1926年 11月13日）は、フランスの植民地官僚、アフリカ学者、民族学者、言語学者。 シェール県 サンセルグ （フランス語版） に生まれ、パリで没した。 モーリス・ドラフォスというカナ表記例もある。 It should, however, be mentioned that, as will appear at a number of points in the discussion, a valid linguistic classification furnishes an indispensible framework for nearly all inferences drawn from linguistic data including the interlinguistic contact phenomena which are the subject of the present study. Hence, each culture has its, Hausaland, lying mainly in the Nigerian savannah, has featured, sandwiched between the western and central Sudan and has been, greatly influenced by developments arising from, Islam, which, as we have noted, is one of the two distinguishing, cultural category, shows little evidence of, influence on Hausa society before the advent of Islam, The trans-Saharan trade routes connecting, led to the emergence of the Seven Hausa States (, plus other secondary states described as the, Islam penetrated Hausaland from several directions.