Voir plus d'idées sur le thème Guerre, Crimes de guerres, Guerre mondiale. The Red Army had launched its Silesian Offensives into pre-war German territory. [143] It is also stated that the important Autobahn bridge to the west of the city was not targeted or attacked, and that no railway stations were on the British target maps, nor any bridges, such as the railway bridge spanning the Elbe River. Although the city had been sealed off by the Wehrmacht to prevent looting, Rudolph was granted a special permit to enter and carry out his work, as he would be during the Russian occupation as well. [28], In response to Churchill's inquiry, Sinclair approached Bottomley, who asked Harris to undertake attacks on Berlin, Dresden, Leipzig, and Chemnitz as soon as moonlight and weather permitted, "with the particular object of exploiting the confused conditions which are likely to exist in the above mentioned cities during the successful Russian advance". Meilleur commentaire critique . Cependant trois ans plus tard, il considérait les puissances occidentales comme seules responsables du bombardement criminel de Dresde qui ne répondait à aucune nécessité militaire. Le bombardement qui ne « pouvait pas avoir lieu ». [40] According to the report, there were aircraft components factories; a poison gas factory (Chemische Fabrik Goye and Company); an anti-aircraft and field gun factory (Lehman); an optical goods factory (Zeiss Ikon AG); and factories producing electrical and X-ray apparatus (Koch & Sterzel [de] AG); gears and differentials (Saxoniswerke); and electric gauges (Gebrüder Bassler). Dresde 1945: 3760207260085: Books - Amazon.ca. Motifs stratégiques et Opération Thunderclap, Dès l'annonce de l'attaque, l'étonnement et le malaise de pilotes de la RAF. Le 13 Février à 09h40 quand les Mosquitos commencèrent les plans de repérage à l'aide de fusées éclairantes, il y avait dans la cité environ 500.000 réfugiés. British historian Antony Beevor wrote that Dresden was considered relatively safe, having been spared previous RAF night attacks, and that at the time of the raids there were up to 300,000 refugees in the area seeking sanctuary from the advancing Red Army from the Eastern Front. It had been decided that the raid would be a double strike, in which a second wave of bombers would attack three hours after the first, just as the rescue teams were trying to put out the fires. By the end of 1945 he had completed almost 200 drawings, which he transferred to woodcuts following the war. Les états-majors pensèrent que la ville servirait de nœud logistique pour ce transfert[4]. [29][30], On 31 January, Bottomley sent Portal a message saying a heavy attack on Dresden and other cities "will cause great confusion in civilian evacuation from the east and hamper movement of reinforcements from other fronts". [72] The official historical commission collected 103 detailed eyewitness accounts and let the local bomb disposal services search according to their assertions. [37] Nonetheless, according to some historians, the contribution of Dresden to the German war effort may not have been as significant as the planners thought. It is not possible to describe! De var, af Røde Kors, blevet forsikret om, at de ville være i sikkerhed, selv mens de jødiske generaler planlagde at myrde mændene. Les bombardements de Dresde. Cookies er nødvendige for at få hjemmesiden til at fungere. The death toll of 135,000 given by Vonnegut was taken from The Destruction of Dresden, a 1963 book by David Irving. As a large city and industrial centre, Hamburg's shipyards, U-boat pens, and the Hamburg-Harburg area oil refineries were attacked throughout the war. Le 16 février, le ministère de la Propagande publiait un communiqué de presse qui dessinait la ligne générale de la propagande nazie : Dresde n'avait aucune industrie de guerre, n'était qu'une ville de culture et d'hôpitaux. Une estimation à 250 000 morts a été avancée par les Soviétiques. [98][99], Taylor writes that this propaganda was effective, as it not only influenced attitudes in neutral countries at the time, but also reached the British House of Commons when Richard Stokes, a Labour Party Member of Parliament (MP), a long term opponent of area-bombing,[100] quoted information from the German Press Agency (controlled by the Propaganda Ministry). [23] That evening Churchill asked the Secretary of State for Air, Sir Archibald Sinclair, what plans had been drawn up to carry out these proposals. Annoncer med Bombardement på DBA. The industrial plants of Dresden played no significant role in German industry at this stage in the war". D'autres considèrent que tous les moyens devaient être utilisés pour mettre fin le plus rapidement à la guerre et en définitive, épargner des vies humaines. Dresde 1945 on Amazon.com. À l'arrière-plan, la manufacture de tabac Yenidze. Série "Toute L’histoire" par Frida samedi 11 mai 2013 7%. After the war, and again after German reunification, great efforts were made to rebuild some of Dresden's former landmarks, such as the Frauenkirche, the Semperoper (the Saxony state opera house) and the Zwinger Palace (the latter two were rebuilt before reunification). Now I do not need to write it, because Vonnegut has written it much better than I could. [112][113][114] This was completed on 1 April 1945: ...the moment has come when the question of the so called 'area-bombing' of German cities should be reviewed from the point of view of our own interests. L'évaluation du nombre de morts a beaucoup fluctué. to take advantage of a large number of refugees, or purposely terrorize the German populace). [155] In Fire Sites, German historian Jörg Friedrich says that the RAF's bombing campaign against German cities in the last months of the war served no military purpose. En lire plus. D'autres bombardements sur l'Allemagne (Berlin et Hambourg lors de l'opération Gomorrhe) furent aussi très meurtriers, mais celui de Dresde a plus profondément choqué les esprits, peut-être parce que la ville était davantage perçue comme une ville d'arts et de culture et qu'elle avait un intérêt stratégique moins important (ne pouvant justifier une attaque aussi lourde), d'autant plus que l'Albertstadt, le fort militaire de Dresde, n'a pas été bombardé. [89], Between 100,000 and 200,000 refugees[90] fleeing westward from advancing Soviet forces were in the city at the time of the bombing. ("German perpetrators are no victims!") The Hague Conventions, addressing the codes of wartime conduct on land and at sea, were adopted before the rise of air power. Ostensibly, Britain had learned this after the Coventry Blitz, when loss of this crucial infrastructure had supposedly longer-lasting effects than attacks on war plants. Dresde fut commis délibérément, car Dresde est une crime contre des civils, pour faire définitivement plier les nazis. Skip to main content. The last group to attack Dresden was the 306th, and they finished by 12:30. Dresde 1945 on Amazon.com.au. Gérard 17 février 2019 @ 18:26 Cette horreur venait après le bombardement de Coventry… Reply. Altid hurtig levering, 100 dages returret & prisgaranti! A party's representative, Jürgen Gansel, described the Dresden raids as "mass murder," and "Dresden's holocaust of bombs". Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders. The next set of aircraft to leave England were twin-engined Mosquito marker planes, which would identify target areas and drop 1,000-pound (450 kg) target indicators (TIs)"[50] that created a red glow for the bombers to aim at. 125 relations. Utile. Je prends le train en cours, avant tte chose, bonjour à tt le monde. We saw terrible things: cremated adults shrunk to the size of small children, pieces of arms and legs, dead people, whole families burnt to death, burning people ran to and fro, burnt coaches filled with civilian refugees, dead rescuers and soldiers, many were calling and looking for their children and families, and fire everywhere, everywhere fire, and all the time the hot wind of the firestorm threw people back into the burning houses they were trying to escape from. The Albertstadt, in the north of Dresden, had remarkable military facilities that the bombings failed to hit. In the end, the only political action the German government took was to exploit it for propaganda purposes. As one of the directors of the United States Strategic Bombing Survey, formed late in the war by the American Office of Strategic Services to assess the results of the aerial bombardments of Nazi Germany, he wrote: "The incredible cruelty of the attack on Dresden when the war had already been won—and the death of children, women, and civilians—that was extremely weighty and of no avail". He passed on the request to Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir Charles Portal, the Chief of the Air Staff, who answered, "We should use available effort in one big attack on Berlin and attacks on Dresden, Leipzig, and Chemnitz, or any other cities where a severe blitz will not only cause confusion in the evacuation from the East, but will also hamper the movement of troops from the West. [41], The USAF report also states that two of Dresden's traffic routes were of military importance: north-south from Germany to Czechoslovakia, and east–west along the central European uplands. Free delivery on qualified orders. [147] Wing Commander H. R. Allen said, "The final phase of Bomber Command's operations was far and away the worst. Bombardement de Dresde - Le bombardement de Dresde eut lieu du au , selon les principes de la directive du ministère de l'Aviation du gouvernement britannique sur le bombardement de zone du , devenue avec l'USAAF la en 1943. [137], According to the USAFHD, there were 110 factories and 50,000 workers supporting the German war effort in Dresden at the time of the raid. 09-mar-2013 - Explora el tablero de Emilio Rassiner "La destrucción de Dresde" en Pinterest. Buy Dresde Apocalypse DVD, Blu-ray online at lowest price in India at Amazon.in. Some figures from historians include: 18,000+ (but less than 25,000) from Antony Beevor in "The Second World War"; 20,000 from Anthony Roberts in "The Storm of War"; 25,000 from Ian Kershow in "The End"; 25,000–30,000 from Michael Burleigh in "Moral Combat"; 35,000 from Richard J. Evans in "The Third Reich at War: 1939-1945". Free delivery on qualified orders. Il détruisit presque entièrement la ville allemande de Dresde, dans le cadre d'un bombardement combiné en bomber stream. [a] Three more USAAF air raids followed, two occurring on 2 March aimed at the city's railway marshalling yard and one smaller raid on 17 April aimed at industrial areas. À l'inverse, des études de l'USAF insistent sur les demandes répétées des Soviétiques de bombardements sur les nœuds ferroviaires de l'Est de l'Allemagne pour faciliter la progression de l'Armée rouge[11]. When plans for the rebuilding of Dresden's Frauenkirche became certain, the (GHND) began calls for the reconstruction of the historic buildings that surrounded it. [68], Strafing of civilians has become a traditional part of the oral history of the raids, since a March 1945 article in the Nazi-run weekly newspaper Das Reich claimed this had occurred. [83] Almost 200 factories were damaged, 136 seriously (including several of the Zeiss Ikon precision optical engineering works), 28 with medium to serious damage, and 35 with light damage. (Today I know that these unfortunate people were the victims of lack of oxygen.) DK’s største udvalg af designerlamper. [136], A report by the U.S. Air Force Historical Division (USAFHD) analyzed the circumstances of the raid and concluded that it was militarily necessary and justified, based on the following points:[7], The first point regarding the legitimacy of the raid depends on two claims: first, that the railyards subjected to American precision bombing were an important logistical target, and that the city was also an important industrial centre. [91] 35,000 people were registered with the authorities as missing after the raids, around 10,000 of whom were later found alive.[91]. are popular slogans among the so-called "Anti-Germans"—a small radical left-wing political movement in Germany and Austria. [24] On 25 January, the Joint Intelligence Committee supported the idea, as it tied in with the Ultra-based intelligence that dozens of German divisions deployed in the west were moving to reinforce the Eastern Front, and that interdiction of these troop movements should be a "high priority. [157] This provoked an outrage in the German parliament and triggered responses from the media. Immediate German propaganda claims following the attacks and postwar discussions[5] of whether the attacks were justified have led to the bombing becoming one of the moral causes célèbres of the war. "The Bombing of Dresden," in. The Americans only came the following day to plow over the rubble. Why did we burn its people? It is connected with German bands and Dresden shepherdesses. As a centre of military and munitions production, Coventry suffered some of the worst attacks on any British city at the hands of the Luftwaffe during the Coventry Blitzes of 1940 and 1941, which killed over 1,200 civilians and destroyed its cathedral.[119]. De plus, la ville était appelée par la propagande « Lazarett-Stadt » (la ville-hôpital) avec 22 hôpitaux, des écoles et bâtiments publics convertis pour soigner les blessés du front, ayant été ajoutés aux grands hôpitaux[16] de la ville. "[166] Dyson later goes on to say: "Since the beginning of the war I had been retreating step by step from one moral position to another, until at the end I had no moral position at all". The second was on 17 April, when 580 B-17s dropped 1,554 tons of high-explosive bombs and 165 tons of incendiaries. The American inquiry established that the Soviets, under allied agreements for the United States and the United Kingdom to provide air support for the Soviet offensive toward Berlin, had requested area bombing of Dresden to prevent a counterattack through Dresden, or the use of Dresden as a regrouping point after a strategic retreat. Le compte de 200 000 morts avancé par l'écrivain négationniste David Irving était appuyé sur un rapport de police (Tagesbefehl -TB- Nr. The intentions of the attack are to hit the enemy where he will feel it most, behind an already partially collapsed front, to prevent the use of the city in the way of further advance, and incidentally to show the Russians when they arrive what Bomber Command can do. The destruction of Dresden remains a serious query against the conduct of Allied bombing. Lien en allemand : Outre le rapport final de 96 pages, sont aussi disponibles, toujours en allemand : [96], On 25 February, a new leaflet with photographs of two burned children was released under the title "Dresden—Massacre of Refugees," stating that 200,000 had died. The raids became a symbol of the “terror bombing” campaign against Germany, which was one of the most controversial Allied actions of the war. Le bombardement de Dresde, qui eut lieu du 13 au 15 février 1945, détruisit presque entièrement la ville allemande de Dresde. It was argued that area bombing intended to disrupt communications and destroy industrial production. Prosecutors said that it was illegal to call the bombing a holocaust. "[23] He mentioned that aircraft diverted to such raids should not be taken away from the current primary tasks of destroying oil production facilities, jet aircraft factories, and submarine yards. The inquiry declared the elimination of the German ability to reinforce a counter-attack against Marshal Konev's extended line or, alternatively, to retreat and regroup using Dresden as a base of operations, were important military objectives. Frauenkirche: Exceptionnel - consultez 6 542 avis de voyageurs, 3 948 photos, les meilleures offres et comparez les prix pour Dresde, Allemagne sur Tripadvisor. The groups that followed the 303rd (92nd, 306th, 379th, 384th and 457th) also found Dresden obscured by clouds, and they too used H2X. Civilian strafing was in fact a regular practice of the Luftwaffe throughout the war. The lead aircraft of the major enemy bomber forces have changed course and are now approaching the city area".[79]. ». [66][67] The remaining 115 bombers from the stream of 431 misidentified their targets. Sont accessibles principalement[42] le rapport final (Abschlussbericht) sur Internet; le projet Mathildenstrasse, étude d'une rue-témoin du centre-ville[43], et l'ouvrage publié par l'Institut Hannah Arendt de Dresde. 5 Group flying over the head of the fan (Ostragehege stadium) on prearranged compass bearings and releasing their bombs at different prearranged times.[58][59]. Though no one involved in the bombing of Dresden was ever charged with a war crime, some hold the opinion that the bombing was one. If both were obscured, they would bomb the centre of Dresden using H2X radar. [7], During his post-war interrogation, Albert Speer, Minister of Armaments and War Production for the Third Reich, said that Dresden's industrial recovery from the bombings was rapid. All these civilians' remains were burned to ashes".[162]. "[25] Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Harris, AOCinC Bomber Command, nicknamed "Bomber" Harris in the British press, and known as an ardent supporter of area bombing,[26] was asked for his view, and proposed a simultaneous attack on Chemnitz, Leipzig and Dresden.