[16] Related conflicts include the Eighty Years War, the War of the Mantuan Succession, the Franco-Spanish War, and Portuguese Restoration War. Well aware none of the princes involved would agree, Ferdinand used the device of an Imperial edict, once again asserting his right to alter laws without consultation. Ferdinand and his advisors were greatly concerned by the brutal nature of the Würzburg and Bamberg trials, fearing they would discredit the Counter-Reformation, and active persecution largely ended by 1630. [88], France and Savoy made peace in the April 1629 Treaty of Suza, which allowed French troops passage through Savoy, and recognised their control of Casale and Pinerolo. Brandenburg-Prussia received Farther Pomerania, and the bishoprics of Magdeburg, Halberstadt, Kammin, and Minden. Il y a eu un avant et un après la Guerre de Trente Ans. Bohemia (until 1620)  Duchy of Savoy (1618–19) Les princes catholiques leur opposent la Sainte Ligue allemande (1609), dirigée par le duc Maximilien Ierde Bavière. Mais la résolution du conflit témoigne aussi de la vitalité politique du Saint Empire et des États allemands. Even after union, the Portuguese dominated the Atlantic trade in Triangular trade, exporting slaves from West Africa and Angola to work sugar plantations in Brazil. Delivering these commitments required his election as Emperor, which was not guaranteed; one alternative was Maximilian of Bavaria, who opposed the increase of Spanish influence in an area he considered his own, and tried to create a coalition with Saxony and the Palatinate to support his candidacy. [89], Between 1629 and 1631, plague exacerbated by troop movements killed 60,000 in Milan and 46,000 in Venice, with proportionate losses elsewhere. Ce n'est qu'au XIXe siècle que la ville retrouve un nombre d'habitants identique à celui d'avant le sac. [74] In March 1636, France finally joined the Thirty Years War in alliance with Sweden, launching offensives in Germany and the Low Countries. Le sac de Magdebourg désigne la conquête et le pillage de la ville de Magdebourg, le 20 mai 1631 (selon le calendrier grégorien) par les troupes de la Ligue catholique. [84] However, fighting continued as both sides tried to improve their bargaining position; suffering from ill-health, at the end of 1645 Torstenson was replaced by Carl Gustaf Wrangel, who over-ran Bavaria in the autumn of 1646. He did so with support from the Catholic League, despite strong opposition from Protestant members, as well as the Spanish. Des 30 000 habitants (ce qui caractérise une ville majeure pour l'époque), seuls 5 000 survivent. The income from their imperial possessions remained in Germany and did not benefit the kingdom of Sweden; although they retained Swedish Pomerania until 1815, much of it was ceded to Prussia in 1679 and 1720. Each member was represented in the Imperial Diet; prior to 1663, this assembled on an irregular basis, and was primarily a forum for discussion, rather than legislation. [52], Many of Christian's German allies, such as Hesse-Kassel and Saxony, had little interest in replacing Imperial domination for Danish, while few of the subsidies agreed in the Treaty of the Hague were ever paid. [101] It also disappointed many exiles by accepting the restoration of Catholicism as the dominant religion in Bohemia, Upper and Lower Austria, strongholds of Protestantism in 1618. De plundering van Wommelgem, un tableau de Sebastiaan Vrancx, qui illustre les massacres de la guerre de Trente ans. Daniel Kehlmann a choisi de lui faire traverser la guerre de Trente Ans, ce conflit qui dévasta l’Europe entre 1618 et 1648. La mémoire collective et la littérature en conservent la souvenir, de Simplicissimus à Mère Courage. In Lorraine, the Three Bishoprics of Metz, Toul and Verdun, occupied by France since 1552, were formally ceded, as were the cities of the Décapole in Alsace, with the exception of Strasbourg and Mulhouse. La dévastation est si grande que l'expression « magdebourisation » Magdeburgisieren reste pendant des décennies synonyme de destruction, de viol et de pillage.  Brunswick-Lüneburg (1634–1642) Attempts to negotiate a peaceful solution failed as the conflict in Germany became part of the wider struggle between France and their Habsburg rivals in Spain and Austria. [103], It has been argued the Peace established the principle known as Westphalian sovereignty, the idea of non-interference in domestic affairs by outside powers, although this has since been challenged. In 1625, he intervened in Northern Germany but withdrew in 1629 after a series of defeats. Düsseldorf Museum Kunstpalast 02 / 02 [105] While the Thirty Years War ranks as one of the worst of these events, precise numbers are disputed; 19th century nationalists often increased them to illustrate the dangers of a divided Germany.  Habsburg Monarchy In return, Ferdinand made concessions to Spain in Northern Italy and Alsace, and agreed to support their offensive against the Dutch. [54], In May 1628, his deputy von Arnim besieged Straslund, the only port with large enough shipbuilding facilities, but this brought Sweden into the war. By 1623, Spanish-Imperial forces controlled the Palatinate; backed by the Catholic League, Ferdinand stripped Frederick of his possessions and sent him into exile. [126], The Peace reconfirmed "German liberties", ending Habsburg attempts to convert the Holy Roman Empire into an absolutist state similar to Spain. These trials lasted five years and claimed over one thousand lives, including long-time Bürgermeister, or Mayor, Johannes Junius, and Dorothea Flock, second wife of Georg Heinrich Flock, whose first wife had also been executed for witchcraft in May 1628. In May 1618, these factors combined to bring about the Bohemian Revolt. Le sac de Magdebourg, le siège et le pillage de la ville protestante en Allemagne en grande partie par les forces de l'Empire romain pendant la Guerre de Trente Ans. [95], The Peace of Münster was the first to be signed on 30 January 1648; it was part of Westphalia because the provinces that made up the Dutch Republic were still technically part of the Spanish Netherlands and thus Imperial territories. One of the most prosperous areas of the Empire, Bohemia's electoral vote was also essential to ensuring Ferdinand succeeded Matthias as Emperor, and Habsburg prestige required its recapture. This was exacerbated by several legal disputes over property, all of which were decided in favour of the Catholic Church. This influential work was later credited with ending the practice in Germany, and eventually throughout Europe. This threatened other Protestant rulers within the Empire, including Christian IV of Denmark, who was also Duke of Holstein. [108], Parish records show regular outbreaks of these were common for decades prior to 1618, but the conflict greatly accelerated their spread. This view is now generally accepted by historians. Menée presque exclusivement sur le territoire du Saint Empire et en grande partie sur le dos des populations civiles, la guerre de Trente Ans allait emporter un tiers de sa population, d’où la place centrale qu’elle a longtemps occupé dans la mémoire collective allemande, devenu le spectre de la guerre, avant que la dernière ne prenne en quelque sorte sa place. In late August, Gustavus incurred heavy losses in an unsuccessful assault on the town, arguably the greatest blunder in his German campaign. At the same time, the Swedes under Johan Banér marched into Brandenburg; victory at Wittstock on 4 October 1636 regained most of the ground lost after Nördlingen. Many Spanish officials felt it was time to accept Dutch independence, but despite these challenges, their Empire remained a formidable power. These actions were greeted with approval by his domestic critics, who considered his pro-Spanish policy a betrayal of the Protestant cause. This meant each of the 224 member states was either Lutheran, the most usual form of Protestantism, or Catholic, based on the choice made by their ruler. Dutch leader Frederick Henry recaptured Breda in October, and three months later Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar destroyed an Imperial army at Rheinfelden. With the exception of the 1639 to 1642 Piedmontese Civil War, this secured the French position in Northern Italy for the next twenty years. [70] Two months later, the Swedes won a resounding victory at Lützen, where Gustavus was killed. Prompted by France, the rebels proclaimed the Catalan Republic in January 1641. Elle a toujours une résonance particulière puisque la résurgence actuelle des guerres religieuses semble faire parfois mentir les règles de la géopolitique classique. [44] However, Spanish and Dutch involvement in the campaign was a significant step in internationalising the war, while Frederick's removal meant other Protestant princes began discussing armed resistance to preserve their own rights and territories. Regardless of religion, most German princes refused to support him and by early 1620 the Bohemian Revolt had been suppressed. The French candidate, Charles I Gonzaga, was confirmed as Duke of Mantua; although Richelieu's representative, Cardinal Mazarin, agreed to evacuate Pinerolo, it was later secretly returned under an agreement with Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy. Rwanda 1990 – 2020 : La guerre de trente ans. La guerre de Trente Ans est une série de conflits armés qui a déchiré l’Europe de 1618 à 1648.Les causes en sont multiples mais son déclencheur est la révolte des sujets tchèques protestants de la maison de Habsbourg, la répression qui suivit et le désir de ces derniers d’accroître leur hégémonie et celle de la religion catholique dans le Saint-Empire. L'Espagne résiste, profitant des troubles de la Fronde. The first period from 1618 to 1635 was a struggle within the Holy Roman Empire, fought between Emperor Ferdinand II and his internal opponents, with external powers playing a supportive role.  Dutch Republic (from 1619) Despite the parties agreeing the Peace of Prague in 1635, fighting continued with Sweden and France on one side, the Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs on the other. Spain was now forced to resupply their armies in Flanders by sea, making them vulnerable to the Dutch navy. Its main provisions included Spanish confirmation of Dutch independence, and acceptance of "German liberties" by the Austrian Habsburgs. Peace of Westphalia [63], Expectations of widespread support proved unrealistic; by the end of 1630, the only new Swedish ally was Magdeburg, which was besieged by Tilly. [116], The breakdown of social order caused by the war was in some ways more significant and longer lasting than the immediate damage. Five days later, the Prince de Condé won a decisive French victory at Rocroi, although he was unable to take full advantage. [113] Although suggested towns over-stated losses to avoid taxes, individual records show serious declines; from 1620 to 1650, the population of Munich fell from 22,000 to 17,000, that of Augsburg from 48,000 to 21,000. [98], Taken as a whole, the consequences of these two treaties can be divided into the internal political settlement and external territorial changes. In May, a combined Franco-Swedish army destroyed the last major Imperial army at Zusmarshausen, while a second Swedish force besieged Prague. The chief agents of the Counter-Reformation were similarly split, the Jesuits generally backing Austria, the Capuchins France. Les soldats impériaux, échappant rapidement à leur commandement, massacrent les habitants et incendient la ville. Disputes within the Empire drew in outside powers, many of whom held Imperial territories, including the Dutch Prince of Orange, hereditary ruler of Nassau-Dillenburg. Then the predominant global power, the Spanish Empire included the Spanish Netherlands, much of Italy, the Philippines, and most of the Americas, while Austria remained focused on Central Europe. Trois décennies de massacres et de pillage : la guerre de Trente Ans fut une catastrophe démographique qui a longtemps hanté l'Allemagne. Les actes de guerre et de pillage durent jusqu'au 24 mai. Chronic financial weakness meant prior to 1619 the Austrian Habsburgs had no standing army of any size, leaving them dependent on Maximilian and their Spanish relatives for money and men. [40], The strategic importance of the Palatinate and its proximity to the Spanish Road drew in external powers; in August 1620, the Spanish occupied the Lower Palatinate. La guerre de Trente Ans est une série de conflits armés qui a déchiré l’Europe du 23 mai 1618 au 15 mai 1648.Les causes en sont multiples mais son déclencheur est la révolte des sujets tchèques protestants de la maison de Habsbourg, la répression qui s'ensuivit, et le désir des Habsbourg d’accroître leur hégémonie et celle de la religion catholique dans le Saint-Empire. [86], Northern Italy had been contested by France and the Habsburgs for centuries, since it was vital for control of South-West France, an area with a long history of opposition to the central authorities. Je suis très heureux d’être parmi vous ce soir, pour vous proposer un sujet qui, somme toute, est plutôt difficile. [115] The death toll may have improved living standards for the survivors; one study shows wages in Germany increased by 40% in real terms between 1603 and 1652. Depuis trente ans, la guerre refuse de desserrer ses griffes sur Gomet Usta, un vétéran azerbaïdjanais habitant à quelques centaines de mètres du front. Verdun, Guernica, Auschwitz, Hiroshima sont autant de symboles qui, dans la mémoire collective, caractérisent cette « ère de catastrophes » (Eric Hobsbawm) Gustave Adolphe qui s'était déclaré protecteur de la cité envoya un de ses officiers, Dietrich von Falkenburg prendre le commandement de la garnison. They included separation of the Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs, expansion of the French frontier into the Empire, and an end to Spanish military supremacy in Northern Europe. Il est connu pour le nombre de victimes de la guerre produite du côté des civils ainsi que la destruction de la zone sur laquelle la guerre a été menée (qui est maintenant l’Allemagne). Pendant la guerre de Trente Ans (1618-1648), l'Alsace servit de champ de bataille aux armées impériales, suédoises, weimariennes et françaises. (history documentary)", "The 30 Years' War (1618–48) and the Second Defenestration of Prague – Professor Peter Wilson", Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution, Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary, Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart, Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII, Pope Pius XII Consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary, Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary, International Alliance of Catholic Knights, Rise of the Evangelical Church in Latin America, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thirty_Years%27_War&oldid=995360779, 17th-century military history of the Kingdom of England, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2016, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles with KULTURNAV identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, The Thirty Years' War is briefly referenced in the survival horror game. Sweden (from 1630) Il s’agit, en effet, de vous présenter des événements qui ont duré une génération ; à la fois fondateurs et actuels. In the end, the Portuguese retained control of Brazil and Angola, but the Dutch captured the Cape of Good Hope, as well as Portuguese possessions in Malacca, the Malabar Coast, the Moluccas and Ceylon. La guerre de Trente Ans fut une suite de conflits armés qui mit l’Europe à sang de 1618 à 1648 . The strategic importance of the Duchy of Mantua meant when the direct male line became extinct in December 1627, both powers became involved in the 1628 to 1631 War of the Mantuan Succession. Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. Includes soldiers from the Spanish Netherlands and Spanish Italy. [57], Once again, the methods used to obtain victory explain why the war failed to end. "into line with army of Gabriel Bethlen in 1620." [129], Bautzen is besieged by Saxon troops, 1620 by Matthäus Merian, Battle of Frankfurt an der Oder,April 1631, Death of Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden at the Battle of Lützen,6 November 1632, The capture of Rheinfelden by the troops of the Duke of Feria,1633, Unsuccessful Swedish-Transylvanian siege of Brno, 1645, 1618–1648 multi-state war in Central Europe, Phase II; France joins the war 1635 to 1648. Une guerre, à l'époque où la Lorraine était un duché indépendant de la France . La guerre de Trente ans (1618-1648) fut le plus grand et le plus important des conflits qui ont marqué l’Europe moderne. Il s'agit d'un des plus importants massacres de la guerre de Trente Ans tant par l'étendue des pertes humaines que par la cruauté de la tuerie. […] Le monde fait la guerre de trente ans, pour ou contre la domination universelle du germanisme ». Parce que cette histoire d’un conflit qui s’est passé il y a 350 ans et plus, nous renvoie à de l’actualité. Première partie • « La guerre de trente ans » (1914-1945) avec ses massacres à grande échelle, ses tueries de masse et le génocide des juifs. Massacres, famines, pestes déciment plus de la moitié de la population, et c'est une Alsace misérable qu'en des clauses obscures le traité de … The political disintegration of the Polish commonwealth led to the 1655 to 1660 Second Northern War with Sweden, which also involved Denmark, Russia and Brandenburg, while two Swedish attempts to impose its control on the port of Bremen failed in 1654 and 1666. [31], Ferdinand reconfirmed Protestant religious freedoms when elected king of Bohemia in May 1617, but his record in Styria led to the suspicion he was only awaiting a chance to overturn them. In 1621, the Dutch West India Company was formed to challenge this control and captured the Brazilian port of Salvador in 1624. The war originated in differences between German Protestants and Catholics, which were temporarily settled by the 1555 Peace of Augsburg but gradually undermined by political and religious tensions. La guerre de trente ans . [51], The intervention involved three Protestant armies; the main force under Christian IV was to advance down the Weser, while Mansfeld attacked Wallenstein in Magdeburg and Christian of Brunswick linked up with the Calvinist Maurice of Hesse-Kassel. [47] In 1621, Hamburg accepted Danish 'supervision', while his son Frederick became joint-administrator of Lübeck, Bremen and Verden. 1631, 20 mai: Sac de Magdebourg: 25 000: Basse-Saxe: La ville est pillée par les troupes impériales lors de la guerre de Trente Ans, seuls 5 000 des 30 000 habitants survivent. La ville de Magdebourg était placée depuis novembre 1630 sous le blocus du comte de Pappenheim. A specially designed Malefizhaus, or 'crime house', was erected containing a torture chamber, whose walls were adorned with Bible verses, where the accused were interrogated. [35] Gabriel Bethlen, Calvinist Prince of Transylvania, invaded Hungary with Ottoman support, although the Habsburgs persuaded them to avoid direct involvement, helped by the outbreak of hostilities with Poland in 1620, followed by the 1623 to 1639 war with Persia. The treaty confirmed Dutch independence, although the Imperial Diet did not formally accept that it was no longer part of the Empire until 1728. [80], After Wittstock, the Swedish army regained the initiative in Germany; at Second Breitenfeld in October 1642, Swedish commander Lennart Torstenson defeated an Imperial army led by Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria and Ottavio Piccolomini. Les troupes de Tilly pourvues d'un important matériel de siège entreprirent d'abord d'investir les défenses extérieures, chose faite le 1er mai, puis les faubourgs deux jours plus tard. [132] At the same time, it created the outlines of a Europe that persisted until 1815 and beyond; the nation-state of France, the beginnings of a unified Germany and separate Austro-Hungarian bloc, a diminished but still significant Spain, independent smaller states like Denmark, Sweden and Switzerland, along with a Low Countries split between the Dutch Republic and what became Belgium in 1830. A Spanish offensive in 1636 reached Corbie in Northern France; although it caused panic in Paris, lack of supplies forced them to retreat, and it was not repeated. [21], Before Augsburg, unity of religion compensated for lack of strong central authority; once removed, it presented opportunities for those who sought to further weaken it. Hesse-Kassel (from 1629) With the exception of Christian of Anhalt, his advisors urged him to reject it, as did the Dutch, the Duke of Savoy, and his father-in-law James. [79] Mazarin began seeking a negotiated peace; 25 years of constant war had devastated the countryside, forcing armies to spend more time foraging than fighting, and drastically reducing their ability to sustain campaigns. [42] Since Frederick demanded full restitution of his lands and titles, which was incompatible with the Treaty of Munich, hopes of reaching a negotiated peace quickly evaporated. Although von Hatzfeldt defeated a Swedish-English-Palatine force at Vlotho in October 1638, Breisach's surrender to Bernhard in December secured French control of Alsace and the Rhineland, severing the Spanish Road. [69], After Tilly's death, Ferdinand turned once again to Wallenstein; knowing Gustavus was over extended, he marched into Franconia and established himself at Fürth, threatening the Swedish supply chain. Intended as the basis of a wider coalition against Ferdinand, France, Sweden, Savoy and the Republic of Venice were also invited to join, but it was overtaken by events. Ces périodes sont : 1. la période bohémienne et palatine de 1618 à 1625 ; 2. Des témoignages de mercenaires, exhumés des archives allemandes, explicitent le fait de pratiquer la guerre et la destruction contre une bonne solde. [124], However, how far these witch-hunts can be seen as reflecting a breakdown in society is debated, since many took place in areas relatively untouched by the war. La révolte des Dounganes est avant tout une guerre religieuse qui eu lieu en Chine entre 1862 et 1877. … Brandenburg-Prussia (1631–1635)[note 1]