[10] Drinking water quality is monitored from production to distribution from bacteriological and physico-chemical quality. KfW, AFD and the European Commission jointly finance this sanitation programme at a total cost of 81.5 million EUR for 19 wastewater treatment plants and 130 sewage pumping stations in 11 governorates. The relatively high vulnerability of Tunisia's water resources has led to numerous programmes and projects aiming at improving water use efficiency. This video is unavailable. The project objective consists in improving the quality of water in Greater Tunis and other selected urban centres. The project includes the improvement of conventional as well as non-conventional water sources (reclaimed water and brackish water) in rural areas. They include a fixed part and a variable part that depends on the consumption of water. La politique de l'eau potable et de l'assainissement en Tunisie a permis au pays d'atteindre le plus haut taux d'accès à l'approvisionnement et à l'assainissement de l'eau parmi les pays de l'Afrique du Nord et du Moyen-Orient, grâce à sa politique en matière d'infrastructures. PPM - Tunisie - Programme d’Alimentation en Eau Potable en Milieu Rural (PAEPR2) [4], Labor productivity. Regarding sanitation, in 2015, 92% of the population had access to "improved" sanitation, 98% and 80%, urban and rural population, respectively. L’analyse sectorielle montre que pour le The Office National de l'Assainissement (ONAS),is responsible for the sanitation in cities, industrial and tourist zones. d) The further development of non-conventional water resources through expanding the use of treated wastewater in agriculture and desalinating brackish water for uses across all sectors. Eau potable en Tunisie Toute la Tunisie est quasiment équipée d’eau potable, à part quelques exceptions rarissimes situées dans des zones rurales éloignées des zones touristiques. As part of the loan agreement, some of the funds will be used for the purchase of almost 60 new tram vehicles by SWH’s subsidiary Hallesche Verkehrs-AG (HAVAG). [18] The water sector is also obliged to meet the increasing water demand for all urban and rural areas, the agriculture sector as well as for touristic and industrial needs. The investment totals about USD 72 million, 67 of which is financed by the World Bank. Contact one of our intermediaries! [17] In 1996, 86% of the water withdrawals were from agriculture. Moreover, this financing will ensure the supply of water to the entire population until 2040. Planning and implementing of sanitation sector programs and integrated wastewater treatment & storm water disposal projects; Construction, operation and maintenance of facilities intended for the sanitation of towns assigned to ONAS by decree; Sale and distribution of sub-products such as treated wastewater and sludge, This page was last edited on 20 November 2020, at 03:00. [12] The number of waste water treatment plants has gradually risen in the last decade and it is expected to reach 83 in 2006. The project aims to finance the collection and treatment of wastewater in different towns. This European financing will make it possible to develop and upgrade the infrastructure needed to secure the entire drinking water supply system in Greater Tunis. Des préparatifs sont en cours auprès des services de la Société nationale d’exploitation et de distribution de l’eau (), des services d’ingénierie rurale du Commissariat régional du développement agricole et de la Société tunisienne de l’électricité et du gaz (), afin d’éviter les perturbations dans l’approvisionnement en eau potable, à Sfax, durant l’été 2013. Les résultats montrent que le prix de l’eau potable ne constitue pas un outil d’incitation à la baisse de sa consommation. [19] According to estimations for the year 2030 by the Ministry of Agriculture, the demand of water would be stabilized of 2.7  km3 per year, even if the supposed population of Tunisia in 2030 will be about 13 million people and given today's regular demand would result in a demand of 3.1  km3 per year. From poverty to prosperity: our development impact. The fixed part of the tariff depends on the diameter of the water meter. The national water distribution utility (SONEDE) and the Ministry of Health undertake this monitoring. The African Development Bank co-finances projects with other external partners in the water sector (see under multi-donor projects). The construction of more than 200 small and large dams and the drilling of more than 1000 deep groundwater wells have led to improvements of use of Tunisia's available water resources from 60% in 1990 to 87.5% in 2004. 147. news Tunisie – Une jeune fille braque un avocat et lui soutire son argent et son gsm. ONAS depends even more on subsidies. Infos 17 Juillet 2016. TD (2012) for drinking water in urban areas, corresponding to about 9 USD/capita/year, For Water Resources and Supply: The Ministry of Agriculture and Hydraulic Resources. EIB Vice-President Ricardo Mourinho Félix said: “As the EU climate bank, we are very pleased to be able to continue supporting the supply of drinking water in Tunisia and to help the country with its climate change adaptation efforts. Planning, design and supervision of small and medium water supplies in the remaining rural areas are the responsibility of the Direction Générale du Génie Rurale (DGGR). In order to fulfill these policies, three major strategies have been put into place: 1. Responsibility for the water supply systems in urban areas and large rural centres is assigned to the Sociéte Nationale d'Exploitation et de Distribution des Eaux (SONEDE), a national water supply authority that is an autonomous public entity under the Ministry of Agriculture. The project consists of five components: Irrigation management, groundwater management, water conservation and environmental protection, rural drinking water supply, and institutional strengthening and capacity building. (see under multi-donor projects). [13], Table 1 shows accessible (A) and available water (B) in Tunisia in hm3 per year for different time-horizons[14][15], The government plans to build four seawater desalination plants in Djerba, Kerkennah, Zaarat near Gabes and Sfax. The Water policy in Tunisia from the beginning of the second half of the 20th century until the 1970s contained the limited mobilization of the resources – with the construction of dams and reservoirs, From the beginning of the 1980s there was an enforcement of the dam policy and application of the Plans Directeurs des Eaux (Water Master Plan).[20]. Greater Tunis sewerage and reuse project. a) The continuous development and mobilization of available water resources in order to reach a mobilization rate of 95%. The investments are needed to anticipate the effects of climate change on PWN’s business model. 84% of all groundwater resources have salinity of more than 1500 mg/l, and 30% of the shallow aquifers more than 4000 mg/l. The total investment amounts to 107 million USD. Le service de l’eau potable en Tunisie se distingue par ses bonnes performances, officiellement attribuees a une gestion publique centralisee et a la politique sociale menee dans le secteur depuis plus de quarante ans. Tunisia has achieved the highest access rates to water supply and sanitation services among the Middle East and North Africa. The strategy consists of a high number of studies and research programs with the target to plan and manage water resources more efficiently on a long run. [12] [23], Planning and investment for the allocation of drinking water in rural areas is conducted by the Direction Générale du Genie Rurale (DGGR), which acts in the framework of the Ministry of Agriculture and user associations (Groupements d’intérêt collectif (GIC)). The EIB has signed a EUR 100 million, 20-year loan agreement with PWN, the company that manages the drinking water supply in most of the province of Noord-Holland in The Netherlands. Sometimes, these requests are refused. In 2006 the European Investment Bank signed the ONAS 4 rehabilitation project. In 1974, ONAS has been established in order to manage the sanitation sector. As a major financial partner of Tunisia, the EIB has invested nearly €4 billion since 2007 in support of projects in key areas for the Tunisian economy, such as water and sanitation, industry, social infrastructure, training, transport, energy, and support for the private sector and businesses. Eau Potable: Approvisionnement En Eau Et Assainissement En Colombie, Eau Du Robinet, Eau Potable Et Assainissement En Tunisie, Eau: Source Wikipedia, Livres Groupe: Amazon.com.mx: Libros 1 Revue nationale du secteur de l’eau 2015, MARHP, 2016. [4], The rate of connection to sewerage network in Tunisian urban areas increased from 20.6% in 1975 to 35.9% in 1987, and further up to 81.6% in 2007. ONAS had 5500 employees as of 2002. Compared to other North African countries, Tunisia has developed and adopted numerous laws and plans regarding its water resources not only recently. The decennial strategy is divided into two 5-year plans, the Xth development plan (2002–2006) and the XIth development plan (2007–2011). In 2012 it was back to less than 10%. Cette dernière s’est appuyée essentiellement sur une double péréquation : territoriale et entre niveaux de consommation. Furthermore, the strategy puts an emphasis on regulation measures between wet and dry years, water and soil conservation measures, and the recharge of aquifers. Offres d'emploi et stage environnement et développement durable. Currently, 7,000 hectares (17,000 acres), planted primarily with orchards and for livestock feed, use treated water for irrigation consistent with national law. The aim is to build and upgrade water storage and transport infrastructure (reservoirs, transfer pipes) as well as water treatment infrastructure (treatment plant, desalination plant, delivery pipeline and pumping stations). It still remains to be decided if the large plants in Ziarat and Sfax, with a capacity of 100,000 and 200,000 cubic meter per day respectively, will be financed through loans or by the private sector through Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) contracts. Comunicados de prensa; Publicaciones; Cartas electrónicas; Mediateca. The closing date of the project is planned for the year 2015. [11], Since 1960, Tunisia has engaged in studies of the re-use of wastewater. Compared to the SONEDE investments in the water sector, investment in the sanitation sector remains higher. Eau Potable et Assainissement en Tunisie: Amazon.es: Miller, Frederic P., Vandome, Agnes F., McBrewster, John: Libros en idiomas extranjeros Since 1993, ONAS got the status of a main operator for protection of water environment and combating pollution. It was financed together with KfW development bank, which contributed USD 17.5 million, while the World Bank financed USD 103 million. The tenders for the 50,000 cubic meter/day plant in Djerba financed through a loan by German development bank KfW were opened in April 2014, with an option to increase capacity by another 25,000 cubic meter/day. Fototeca 74% des eaux de surface sont situées dans le nord du pays (Figure 3). Conseil lettre de motivation, annuaire formation et métier de l'environnement, CV-thèque français. [4], The water sector in Tunisia has so far only seen very limited private participation. Va Tech Wabag Tunisie, Réalisation de stations d'eau potable et d'assainissement d'eaux usées ; exploitation de stations d'épuration. The Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources developed these Plans, which is also responsible for the implementation and allocation of water resources. As of 2011, access to safe drinking water became close to universal approaching 100% in urban areas and 90% in rural areas. 96 % des citadins et 52 % de la population rurale ont accès à l'assainissement amélioré. 02 4 WATER ANO SANITATION FOR HEALTH PROJECT Operated by CDM and Associates Sponsored by the U.S. Agency for International Development 1611 N. Kent Street, Room 1001 Arlington, VA It partly consists of similar measures compared to the mobilization strategy, aiming at reaching a mobilization rate of 95%. [40], Responsibility for water supply and sanitation. [1], Tunisia has achieved the highest access rates to water supply and sanitation services among the MENA countries through sound infrastructure policy. 96% of urban dwellers and 52% of the rural population already have access to improved sanitation. Cette derniere s’est appuyee essentiellement sur une double perequation : territoriale et entre niveaux de consommation. As of September 2016, the variable part of the drinking water tariffs in Tunisia was as follows:[24], The exchange rate of the Tunisian Dinar to the US Dollar is 1.00 TND = $0.604 US.[25]. Enregistrement gratuit de CV. sanitation prices are high with respect to regional standards, showing a sustained effort in the collection of costs which is absent in almost all other developing countries.[4]. [33], Sewage pumping stations and wastewater treatment plants rehabilitation and extension programme. Our website uses anonymised cookies to give you the best browser experience and to collect aggregated statistics. The funds are intended to finance a comprehensive renewal and modernisation programme for the SWH Group’s core areas: public transport, energy supply, and water and sewage. Furthermore, the project promotes the reduction of urban pollution and the coastal degradation through the introduction of new technologies and technical assistance. It was much higher adding the ONAS employees and thus above international standards. mandate of the ONAS also includes protection of the environment. The project will finance the improvement of urban sewerage services and drinking water supply services. The Centre and South successively followed, 1977 and 1983 respectively. For example, the state repays the principal of its loans while ONAS must service only the interest. Her home is now connected to the mains supply which she says means she “Can organise my day better”. This strategy was devised and implemented in order to provide integrated control of potential water sources. Scribd es red social de lectura y publicación más importante del mundo. [28][29][30][31][32] KfW contributed in 2009 with an amount of 1 Million Euro for tariff studies and measures to strengthen participation by user groups. SONEDE runs an annual deficit of TND82 million ($50 million). [14] The largest wastewater treatment plant is situated in Choutrana with a daily performance of 120,000 m3. [4] Water and wastewater tariffs were increased by 7 percent in July 2013. The major priority of this strategy is the increase of supply. Join the bank that invests in the things that matter! The French Development Agency AFD, the African Development Bank, the European Investment Bank, the German development bank KfW, the German technical cooperation agency GIZ and the World Bank are among Tunisia's major external partners in the water sector. Subsequently, there were, in 2015, 253 thousand people lacking access to "improved" water. In 1997 the World Bank approved the Greater Tunis Sewerage and Reuse project. Que vous soyez à l’hôtel, au restaurant ou au café, l’eau qui vous sera servie en bouteille est de l’eau minérale. Treated Wastewater Use in Tunisia: Lessons learned and the Road Ahead, Shobba Shetty, The World Bank, Jakarta, Indonesia, Earth Trends, The Environmental Information Portal – Water Resources and Freshwater Ecosystems- Country Profile- Tunisia, Water Governance Program for Arab States, Draft terms of reference national needs assessment in Tunisia, UNDP, Centre National de la Recherche scientifique- Les resources en eaux en Tunisie Bilan et Perspective, extrait de la letter n° 16, Etat, Defis Majeurs et Axes Strategiques du secteur de l'eau en Tunisie, Rapport National de "Ministère de l’agriculture et des ressources hydrauliques, Republique Tunisienne" Mekki HAMZA, Novembre 2006, Mapping the Accountability Framework of a Utility to Actors in the Environment, Capacity Building Module, attributes of well-performing water utilities, case study Tunisia, The African Development Bank, Tunis 11 December 2008, "Joint Monitoring Programme for Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation", Etude sur la participation privée dans les infrastructures en Tunisie, Tunisian Ministry of Development and International Cooperation from 2006, Water Reuse in Tunisia: stakes and prospects, Evolution institutionnelle et réglementaire de la gestion de l’eau en Tunisie, "Tunisia spring-cleans its water finances", "Projects - Tunisia : Water Sector Investment Loan Project", Projects - Tunisia : sector investment project (PISEAU II), €23 Million Loan to Finance Water Sector project in Tunisia, Le Quotidien:Mobilisation des ressources hydrauliques: Le «PISEAU 2» entre en action, World Bank: Tunisia Water Sector Investment Loan Project, "Projects - Tunisia : Second water sector investment loan", "Network rehabilitation and extension and capacity building of ONAS", "Projects - Tunisia : Rehabilitation and extension of 19 WWTPs", "Projects - Tunisia : ONAS 4 rehabilitation project", "Projects - Tunisia : Greater tunis sewerage and reuse project", "Projects - Tunisia : Urban water supply project", "Projects - Tunisia : Tunis west sewerage", SONEDE (National Water Distribution Utility), Responsibilities in Latin America and the Caribbean, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Tunisia&oldid=989630842, Articles with French-language sources (fr), All Wikipedia articles needing clarification, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2010, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2018, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, 70 Mio. e) The protection of water resources against pollution and over-exploitation. [6][7], According to the Joint Monitoring Program by WHO and UNICEF, 96% of the Tunisian population had access to an improved water source and 90% to improved sanitation in 2004. [5], In 2015, 98% of Tunisian population had access to "improved water", 100% of the urban population and 93% of the rural population. [13] Currently, 61 wastewater treatment plants are in operation with 9,650 km (6,000 mi) of wastewater network collecting 178 hm3 (million cubic metres) wastewater. Since 2000 donors have increasingly financed projects jointly instead of each donor financing projects separately as it had been the case before. Two main strategic options were identified and implemented: the 10 years strategy of water resources mobilization (2001–2011) initiated for the 1st time in 1990, and the long-term strategy (2030). The Directorate of Rural Engineering is responsible for sanitation in rural zones not covered by ONAS, and the municipalities are responsible for collecting and disposing of solid waste as well as drainage systems for the flow of rainwater. The National Water Supply Authority in Tunisia (SONEDE) is responsible for the provision of water supply services in Tunisia. Subscribe and receive monthly updates of the EIB’s activities around the world. Out of all relevant programs, the following national policies can be deduced:[21]. Forage d'eau en Tunisie. Enregistrement gratuit de CV. Engaging with civil society organisations. You are here. Le service de l’eau potable en Tunisie se distingue par ses bonnes performances, officiellement attribuées à une gestion publique centralisée et à la politique sociale menée dans le secteur depuis plus de quarante ans. The rate of non-revenue water is the lowest in the region at 21% in 2012. A quarter of the utilities’ debt is owed by public institutions. Facebook is showing information to help you better understand the purpose of a Page. c) Water saving and the control of demand across all sectors. The total cost is EUR 90 million. Tunisia provides … *FREE* shipping on eligible orders. The consumption of water was estimated at more than 2.4 km3 in Tunisia in 2005. 3. Home. 296 likes. Through the management and development of water resources, available water resources increased from 2.76 km3 in 1991 to 3.525 km3 in 2000. [8], Tunis, the capital of Tunisia is able to provide 24-hour water with a supply of 110 litres per capita and day. The closing date of the project is planned for the year 2012. It is planned that the supply will reach 4.6 km3 by 2010. [4] The quality of the water supplied by SONEDE and GBRE/ACI in rural areas varies according to local conditions. Assistance technique pour le renforcement des capacités et la mise en œuvre et le suivi du Plan de Gestion Environnemental (PGE) des projets d’eau potable du Grand Tunis et des centres urbains : Réalisation de sessions de formation (Tunisie) Prensa - Comunicación. That is the very purpose of the commitment we are making to the people of Tunisia.”. These financing agreements reflect the EIB’s strong commitment to financing modern and sustainable infrastructure and will help improve water quality and health for millions of Tunisians. According to SONEDED chief executive Hedi Belhaj desalination plants are designed for peak demand during the two months summer season, while for the rest of the year demand is only a fraction of the installed capacity.[16]. Au total, 59% du potentiel sont situés dans le nord, 19% dans le centre et 23% dans le sud. [38][39], Tunis West sewerage. [26], The investments of ONAS should go from 390 million TD in the 9th Plan to 525 million TD in the 10th Plan, i.e. In 2000 the World Bank approved the first water sector investment project (PISEAU) implemented by the Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources with a total cost of 258 million USD. In 2007 the project was concluded. 2. This does not include online advertising cookies. Mrs El Hazgmi, a housewife and mother of three children, lives in Palace, a hamlet in Mornag province. Le potentiel en eau bleue est constitué à 55% d’eaux de surface et à 45% d’eaux souterraines. The main objective of the project was to promote integrated water resources management, together with a better policy for water resources conservation. Non-revenue water for SONEDE stood at 20,7% in 2012, up from only 14% in 2000. ONAS 4 rehabilitation project. Tunisia is facing a steady increase in water needs – around 3% each year – due to the demographic and urban expansion of Greater Tunis and its tourism, industrial and commercial development, particularly with the new Financial Harbour. The treated water from some plants will be reused for irrigation.[34][35]. TUNISIE - Direction du Développement et de la Coopération Suisse -REALISATION DUNE SESSION DE FORMATION Hydraulique des réseaux de distribution d’eau potable et utilisation d’EPANET Prensa - … The average cost of a cubic metre is TND0.716 ($0.44) and it is sold at TND0.570 ($0.35). It was only the second increase in the last ten years. This project reflects the major efforts of the Tunisian authorities in the area of water and sanitation in line with the National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy and the Tunisia National Development Plan 2016-2020, specifically the “Green Economy, Pillar of Sustainable Development” component. The capacity of the plants was increased by 50% in 2014 because groundwater availability was less than expected and water demand projections were higher than anticipated in studies conducted in 2006. In 2005 the World Bank approved a USD 38 million loan to SONEDE for an urban water supply project in Tunisia. Germany co-finances projects with other external partners in the water sector through financial cooperation projects implemented by KfW. Water sector investment project (PISEAU). It is part of an extensive joint investment programme from the Ministry of Agriculture, Water Resources and Fisheries and SONEDE. Conseil lettre de motivation, annuaire formation et métier de l'environnement, CV-thèque SONEDE covers its operation and maintenance costs (and a small fraction of the investment costs) with its revenues. The measures taken were expected to significantly improve the productivity of agriculture and increase access to drinking water for rural population. The European Investment Bank (EIB), the financing institution of the European Union, has announced that it has signed two finance contracts totalling €38 million with Tunisia and the National Water Distribution Utility (SONEDE) to secure the drinking water supply in Greater Tunis, including the capital, Tunis – which is also the capital of the Tunis governorate – and the three governorates of Ben Arous, Manouba and Ariana. an increase of 32%. The number of employees per 1000 connections for water only was 2.9, down from 4.1 in 2002. Farmers participate in decision-making through Agricultural Development Groups (ADGs) for irrigation and drinking water. [23] Sanitation fees are invoiced and collected by SONEDE. In 2006 the World Bank approved the Tunis West Sewerage project. [4], Tunisia provides a good drinking water quality throughout the year. La Société Nationale d'Exploitation et la Distribution des Eaux a annoncé le 18 décembre 2020 dans un communiqué rendu publique que la ville de Sejnane, sa banlieue, les régions de Sakman, Hsainia, Msaken, Tamera et sa banlieue vont toutes subir des perturbations et des interruptions de l'approvisionnement en eau potable, à partir de midi le dimanche 20 décembre 2020. The EIB is providing Stadtwerke Halle (SWH) with a €200 million loan. The complementary strategy (2001–2011): [1], According to the Tunisian Ministry of Development and International Cooperation, in 2006 92.6% of the population had access to drinking water in homes. The current status, major deficits and core strategies are well described in Tunisia’s country report on the water sector. Improving lives and creating jobs around the world. Tunisia - Fourth Water Supply Project : Tunisie - Evaluation du Projet D'adduction D'eau Potable Pour le Nord (French) The project aims to improve the quality of sanitation services in Greater Tunis and of the sewerage sector and promotes reuse of wastewater for irrigation and the improvement of ONAS performance through capacity building. The price of drinking water for the tourism industry is 1.315 DT/m3 regardless of consumption. [19] Its hydraulic works section, the Diréction Générale des Grands Barrages et des Grands Travaux Hydrauliques (DGBGTH), is responsible for the construction of major water resources projects.[13]. 13, rue Tahar-Memmi, Menzah VI, 2091 [26] Tariffs were increased again in September 2016 by about 10 percent on average. The long-term strategy (until 2030): SONEDE is a public non-administrative entity placed under supervision of the Ministry of Agriculture, Environment, and Hydraulic Resources (MAERH). In 2012, SONEDE had around 7016 employees. The EIB will invest €80 million in the Irrigated Agriculture Improvement Project (IAIP) to extend the water supply and irrigation network in several provinces across Cambodia. The cost of this ten-year strategy approached two billion US dollars. The impact of such a project will be significant for the local population – approximately 2.8 million residents of Greater Tunis and the three governorates of Ben Arous, Manouba and Ariana will benefit in the short term. En signant cette pétition, vous manifestez votre solidarité envers ces familles vulnérables n'ayant pas accès à l' eau potable e t vous contribuez à la création de puits dans ces villages du Nord-Ouest de la Tunisie. The EIB has announced that it has signed two finance contracts totalling €38 million with Tunisia and the National Water Distribution Utility (SONEDE) to secure the drinking water supply in Greater Tunis, including the capital, Tunis – which is also the capital of the … techniques de forage. In 1990 the Decennial Strategy (1990–2000) for the Mobilization of Water Resources and the Maximum Mobilization Maximale of available Resources was set up. [27], A follow-up project (PISEAU II) was supported by the African Development Bank with €22.91 million ($31.3 million), as well as by AFD (USD 61 million) and the World Bank (USD 31 million). It supports the upgrading of the primary and secondary networks in Greater Tunis; the expansion and rehabilitation of the sanitation systems in the towns of Monastir, Mahdia, Gabès, Medenine, Tataouine and Gafsa; extension of the South Hammamet treatment plant; construction of three wastewater treatment plants in the towns of Enfidha/Hergla, Menzel Temime and Tazarka/Somâa/ Mâamoura.[36]. Eighteen existing dams, 21 projected dams and 235 hillside dams are expected to augment the available supply but rapid sedimentation of reservoirs will progressively reduce storage capacity and shorten life. The French Development Agency co-finances projects with other external partners in the water sector (see under multi-donor projects). The Decennial Water Resources Mobilization Strategy (1990–2000): The total number of people that, in 2015, lacked access to "improved" sanitation was around 944 thousand people. Between 1990 and 2011, access to water increased from 81% to 96%, while the access to sanitation increased from 75% to 90%. Excessive groundwater extraction in the coastal regions of Cap Bon, Soukra and Ariana has resulted in saline intrusion in many areas leading to groundwater being unsuitable for further regions. Offres d'emploi et stage environnement et développement durable. To date, private participation in the water sector is limited to a contracting programme. Resumen de Le service de l´eau potable en Tunisie: Le modèle de régulation tarifaire face aux défis futurs Sarra Touzi, Bernard Barraqué, Sebástien Treyer. Eau Potable Et Assainissement En Tunisie [13] Tunisia is a water stressed country with per capita renewable water availability of 486 m3—well below the average of 1200 m³/capita for the Middle East and North Africa Region (MENA) region. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. The corollary is that Private Sector Participation and Regulatory Reform in Urban Water Supply: The Middle East and North African Experience, Edouard Perard, OECD Experts’ Meeting on Access to Drinking Water and Sanitation in Africa, Paris, December 1, 2006, Sociéte Nationale d'Exploitation et de Distribution des Eaux, WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation, Original text of article carried in the Times of India on October 27, 2005 entitled “There is a hole in the bucket” by Sumir Lal, Advisor, External Affairs, World Bank, Welfare Consequences of water supply alternatives in rural Tunisia, Slim Zekri, Ariel Dinar; Ecole Superieur d’Agriculture de Mograne, Tunisia; Rural Développement Department of the World bank, accepted on 14 November 2001(PPMI), Contribution of wastewater treatment to groundwater protection- experiences in Tunisia, Khaled Mehrez, National Sanitation Utility “ONAS”, Water in Tunisia: A National Perspective, Armeur Horchani- State of Water Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Tunisia, 15.