International Dictionary of Psychoanalysis. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, c1995. Gustave Le Bon, the Man and His Works: A Presentation With Introduction, First Translations into English, and Edited Extracts [Le Bon, Gustave, Widener, Alice] on Amazon.com. Retrieved December 19, 2020 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/gustave-le-bon. The electric interests and abilities of Gustave Le Bon led to a full and productive life. Art Directory - the information medium for art and culture. Encyclopedia.com. Gustave Le Bon, (born May 7, 1841, Nogent-le-Rotrou, France—died Dec. 13, 1931, Marnes-la-Coquette), French social psychologist best known for his study of the psychological characteristics of crowds.. After receiving a doctorate of medicine, Le Bon traveled in Europe, North Africa, and Asia and wrote several books on anthropology and archaeology. Encyclopedia.com. These covered various subjects, such as psychology and education, in Les lois psychologiques de l' évolution des peuples (1894), the psichologie du socialisme (1898) or Psichologie of education (1902); Physics at L' évolution de la matière (1905) and L' évolution des forces (1907); as well as other more general and anthropological, as the first civilizations of the India, the civilization of the Arabs, study of the civilizations and races, etc. Nationality: French. ." I saw the first term of the kind applied to the animal, estimated that the different races of men were separated by distinctive characters as marked as that separating species of animals next, characters possessing the characteristic reproduce by inheritance with regularity and consistency. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books. https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/le-bon-gustave, "Le Bon, Gustave 19 Dec. 2020 . Encyclopedia.com. Encyclopedia of World Biography. The last of the works on these subjects, Les monuments de I’Inde, appeared in 1893, when Le Bon was 52. To concentrate criticism on this particular problem of explanation would be misleading, for these theories of mental contagion and of the role of leaders are no more gratuitous, no more confused, and no more based on obsolete psychology than is the entire core of Le Bon’s system. French social psychologist born in Nogent-le Rotrou on May 7, 1841 and died in Marne - la Coquette on December 15, 1931. "Gustave Le Bon PESET, J.L. Encyclopedia.com. A prophet and harsh critic of mass society, he ushered in the "age of the crowd," "the most recent sovereign of the modern age.". Although he was never an academic, he was well known, much more so than someone like Emile Durkheim. Liste des citations de Gustave Le Bon classées par thématique. Le Bon's beliefs with respect to political behavior consistently revealed a basic mistrust of the masses. As a specific instance of such hierarchical ordering, Le Bon repeatedly compared the mental constitution of the Anglo–Saxon race with that of the Latin peoples, and down to World War i he considered the Anglo–Saxons superior in every way. It was this view that earned Le Bon the occasional label of antidemocrat and elitist. A good review of Le Bon's career is in the introduction by Robert K. Merton to Le Bon's The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind (1960). He also indicated that crowds are capable of engaging in positive social actions as well. All of Le Bon's work bears the mark of the intellectual climate of fin-de-siècle France: an attraction to the irrational, the primacy of feeling over reason, and the role of heredity and race. : +49 160 53 70 379 The vital implication of this theory for politics is that laws are illusory and ineffective if they lack a basis in the national psychology. Racial myths. Different races that political circumstances were one people could prove to be in the long run one race, to the effect of the action of the medium, the crosses and inheritance; now also with the centuries, in addition to the physical characters, other moral and intellectual. They may even have special merit, for it was precisely such arbitrary assertions of Le Bon that contained his happiest insights. Biography: French polymath. The electric interests and abilities of Gustave Le Bon led to a full and productive life. Biographie. He published the majority of his own writings as part of the collection, as well as Henri Poincaré's La Science et l'Hypothèse and Marie Bonaparte's Guerres militaires et Guerres sociales. Le Bon received a doctorate of medicine without any vocation for the profession. Le Bon's work is discussed in its historical context in Gardner Lindzey and Elliot Aronson, eds., Handbook of Social Psychology, vol. Gustave Le Bon, né le 7 mai 1841 à Nogent-le-Rotrou et mort le 13 décembre 1931 à Marnes-la-Coquette, est un médecin, anthropologue, psychologue social et sociologue français. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Such mixtures brought disastrous results and had led to the decline of the races and empires. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Gustave Le Bon was an eminent psychologist and sociologist. 1916 The Psychology of the Great War. Le Bon knew how to resort to the technique of the doctors in Molière. Within the “Cite this article” tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. New York: Viking. Although he was originally trained as a physician, Le Bon's primary contribution was in sociology, where he developed major theories on crowd behavior. 380 citations de Gustave Le Bon - Ses plus belles pensées Citations de Gustave Le Bon Sélection de 380 citations et phrases de Gustave Le Bon - Découvrez un proverbe, une phrase, une parole, une pensée, une formule, un dicton ou une citation de Gustave Le Bon issus de romans, d'extraits courts de livres, essais, discours ou entretiens de l'auteur. 19 Dec. 2020 . Paris: Mercure de France. La Habana, Editorial de Ciencias Sociales, 1975. Gustave Le Bon was a French social scientist and philosopher. In the human races he/she distinguished characters provided by inheritance and characters purchased under the influence of the environment, education and other causes. Although sometimes used interchangeably the term race and people, not conceived them as equivalent. New York: Macmillan. (1980). Pages v-xxxix in Gustave Le Bon, The Crowd. International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. 1892 L’équitation actuelle et ses principes: Recherches expérimental s. Paris: Firmin-Didot. Biographie : Gustave Le Bon fait ses études au lycée de Tours avant d'entrer à la faculté de médecine de Paris, où il obtient un doctorat en médecine en 1866. The warning was disregarded, and on June 24, 1894, Carnot, the fourth president of the French Republic, was assassinated by an Italian anarchist at Lyons. The family’s finances were modest; and hi…, Édouard Le Roy, the French philosopher of science, ethics, and religion, was born in Paris and studied science at the École Normale Supérieure. 1841-1931. . 1.1. One of these eternal laws that Le Bon constantly invoked is the futility of rationality in the affairs of society: an idea does not prevail because it is true, but by virtue of psychological mechanisms that have nothing to do with reason, such as repetition and “mental contagion.” These mechanisms permit an idea to penetrate into the unconscious, and it is only when an idea does become part of the unconscious that it becomes effective for action. BIOGRAPHIE . Thus, when Le Bon dealt with pedagogy and politics, he carefully transposed to children and peoples what he had earlier learned about horses. - ℹ - Biographie : Médecin et sociologue français (1841-1931). At the time of Le Bon's birth, his mother, Annette Josephine Eugénic Tétiot Desmarlinais, was twenty-six and his father, Jean-Marie Charles Le Bon, was forty-one and a provincial functionary of the French government. Extremely prolific man from the intellectual point of view (as Gobineau), exercised great influence in the second half of the 19th century and first decades of the 20th with various works. He postulated another, very interesting kind of inferiority: this is the inferiority of the crowd, or of man in the crowd. . SE, 18: 65-143. art directory . 1913 Aphorisme du temps present. International Dictionary of Psychoanalysis, Le Verrier, whose family came from Normandy, attended secondary school in his native city and then in Caen. These works, in the classic "social Darwinism," which sought to justify colonialism on the basis of the Arianism anthropo-sociological theories, are imbued with a geographical determinism (influence of climatic conditions and mesologicas: temperature, humidity, characteristics of the soil, etc.) Liste des citations de Gustave Le Bon classées par thématique. 1902 Psychologie de l’éducation. Biography of Gustave Le Bon (1841-1931) French social psychologist born in Nogent-le Rotrou on May 7, 1841 and died in Marne - la Coquette on December 15, 1931. These are sentences that would not surprise us if they appeared in The People’s Choice or in The American Soldier. The consequence of these innate traits was a regression in the direction of more primitive, instinctual determinants of behavior, in contrast to more rational intellectual determinants. These tautologous passages suggest that on occasion Dr. . Thus a people, or a civilization, or a race, properly so-called, must have a national soul, that is, shared sentiments, shared interests, and shared ways of thinking. Their ideas of the social also diverged. Le Bon was a physician, anthropologist in the field, and finally professor of psychology and allied sciences at the University of Paris. La meilleure citation de Gustave Le Bon préférée des internautes. Leonard Joe (Saskatchewan), Gustavus Adolphus College: Narrative Description, https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/le-bon-gustave, https://www.encyclopedia.com/psychology/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/le-bon-gustave-1841-1931, https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/gustave-le-bon. London: Allen & Unwin. The French Revolution and the psychology of revolution. 1 (1954; rev. Learn about this topic in these articles: discussed in biography. "Gustave Le Bon Such discriminatory criteria also include those who relate to the degradation of peoples, social classes and races for miscegenation, physical, moral, psychological and intellectual inferiority of these in relation to the Europeans, and many others. "Le Bon, Gustave Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Although he was originally trained as a physician, Le Bon's primary contribution was in sociology, where he developed major theories on crowd behavior. Le Bon's idea of the unconscious as an archaic heritage of the human soul was closer to Jung than to Freud. Né en 1841 à Nogent-le-Rotrou, Eure-et-Loir, où son père, Jean Marie Charles Le Bon, est conservateur des hypothèques, Charles Marie Gustave Le Bon fait ses études au lycée de Tours. Before sketching the main outlines of the doctrine underlying all of Le Bon’s psychological work, one trait of this work—perhaps at the time the most original—should be stressed. Paris: Flammarion. . The third descriptive theme is that the intellectual processes of crowds are rudimentary and mechanical: crowds are very credulous, their ideas are schematic, and their logic is infrarational and ignores the principle of noncontradiction. Their spirit is that of the crowd which, like every spirit, is part of the unconscious; but this is a very low-level part of the unconscious, archaic or primitive from a historical point of view and medullar from a physiological one. In 1902, Le Bon began editing a collection of scientific works for Flammarion, the "Bibliothèque de philosophie scientifique," intended for the lay reader. Retrieved December 19, 2020 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/psychology/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/le-bon-gustave-1841-1931. Qui est Gustave Le Bon ? Just as a people cannot choose its appearance, it cannot freely opt for its cultural institutions. International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. During this period, furthermore, Le Bon began the work in social psychology that was to become the predominant concern of the final phase of his career. Gustave Le Bon, the Man and His Works: A Presentation With Introduction, First Translations into English (Original work published 1912), ——. → First published in the same year as Enseignements psychologiques de la guerre européenne. France, Presses Universitaires de France, 1996. Although he was originally trained as a physician, Le Bon's primary contribution was in sociology, where he developed major theories on crowd behavior. (December 19, 2020). (1912) 1913 The Psychology of Revolutions. Studies ranging from components of tobacco smoke, through physical anthropology, to atomic energy and structure describe the broad range of scholarly interests Le Bon maintained until his death. Result of these were numerous articles and books. “Contagion is a phenomenon that is readily observed, but has not yet been explained, and had best be related to the phenomena of hypnotism...” (1895, p. 17). and biological (paper legacy, Anatomy, natural selection and the struggle for existence) with that tried to hold that many towns were inferior to the Aryans and, in short, to several European Nations. Paris: Flammarion. A tireless worker, he made a living as a writer and editor. Le Bon was perennially establishing hierarchies. However, with a certain degree of relationship between two villages or approximate races, foreign domination could easily be accepted. ed. Le Bon was a direct descendant of Jean-Odet Carnot, whose grandfather, Jean Carnot, had a brother, Denys, from whom the fifth president of the French Third Repu… From these travels there resulted a half-dozen books, chiefly on anthropology and archeology. But Freud eliminated the notions of heredity, mentality, and suggestion and replaced them with a model of unconscious identification. Biographie: Gustave Le Bon, né le 7 mai 1841 à Nogent-le-Rotrou et mort le 13 décembre 1931 à Marnes-la-Coquette, est un médecin, anthropologue, psychologue social, sociologue. Thus he asserted the existence of a hierarchy of races, based on psychological criteria (such as degree of reasoning ability, power of attention, mastery over instinctual drives; see the Psychology of Peoples 1894) and confirmed on anatomical grounds by the alleged greater differentiation of the superior races and the greater consequent incidence of individuals who rise above the mean. No one in the course of a lifetime could possibly master all the disciplines observed in Le Bon's scholarly work. Il parcourut l’Europe, l'Asie et … He designed the Chapelle de Port-Royal, Paris (16…, Gabin, Jean TORT, P. Dictionaire du darwinisme et de l' évolution. He selected extremely concrete problems for study—for example, the socialist movement, the organization of education, colonial policy, the French Revolution, and World War I—but always sought to treat these problems in terms of scientific generalizations at the highest level of abstraction. revealed the distinctions between the superior and inferior races, but were the moral characters and intellectuals (accumulated by inheritance in a nation) who explained the dominance of a race or people over others. International Dictionary of Psychoanalysis. Découvrez la biographie de Gustave Le Bon, ainsi que des anecdotes, des citations de Gustave Le Bon, des livres, des photos et vidéos. But to make those changes and fixing there will be connected, the mixed races could not be in very different proportion, since if, for example, a small group of whites was transported in the middle of a great mass of black, that would disappear quickly. Pensées brèves . International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. ." (1898) 1965 Psychology of Socialism. → First published as La révolution francaise et la psychologic des révolutions. It was by the most reckless, the most false, and the most harmful of his theories that Le Bon exerted his greatest influence, in France and even more so abroad. Similarly, he claimed to support his ideas on the psychological hierarchy of races and sexes with material from his study of the variations in the volume of the brain. Gustave Le Bon was a French social scientist and philosopher. Moreover, according to Le Bon, it is these fundamental beliefs that produce lack of understanding and intolerance between peoples and groups and thus account for the irreducibility of what may be called ideological conflicts and the inevitability of civil strife and international wars. The action of the environment was weak to modify the characters set in solid mode for inheritance; why he/she believed, falsely, that the children of Israel at all latitudes showed an unchanged type. Liv og virke Bakgrunn. It is these deeply-rooted beliefs that govern institutions (not the inverse, as Tocqueville had imagined). (December 19, 2020). Obtuvo el título de doctor en 1876. "Le Bon, Gustave 1968). Ohayon, Annick "Le Bon, Gustave (1841-1931) The electric interests and abilities of Gustave Le Bon led to a full and productive life. Il entre ensuite à la faculté de médecine de Paris, mais en sort sans avoir obtenu son diplôme . How, then, does it happen that in a crowd situation even the most rational of men are transformed into brutes? But what do these explanations amount to? History, for Le Bon, is a consequence of racial temperament; to understand the history of a people, one must look to the soul of the people. La meilleure citation de Gustave Le Bon préférée des internautes. The first and most general characteristic attributed by Le Bon to crowd behavior is that of unanimity; he called this the law of the mental unity of crowds and asserted it as a dogma. Born: Jean-Alexis Moncorgé in Paris, 17 May 1904; some sources give surname as Monçorge and Morcorge; father a cafe…, Gustafson, Hon. It is, of course, chiefly by virtue of the works of this third phase that Le Bon belongs to the history of social science. In spite of, or perhaps because of, the book's phenomenal success—it has been translated into several languages and was reprinted many times—Le Bon has been disparaged and misunderstood by the scientific community. He pa…, Adam, Adolphe (Charles) Le Bon's work is discussed in its historical context in Gardner Lindzey and Elliot Aronson, eds., Handbook of Social Psychology, vol. Retrieved December 19, 2020 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/le-bon-gustave. . However, the date of retrieval is often important. Taine's influence on Le Bon was considerable, but so was that of Ribot and Charcot. He began his adult life with travels in Europe, north Africa, and Asia. (Original work published 1895). Paris: Flammarion. 19 Dec. 2020 . Translation of extract in the text provided by the editors. A paperback edition was published in 1960 by Viking. Gustave Le Bon, deren Bücher sind nach wie vor von großem Interesse für Psychologen, Soziologen, Historiker und andere., Ist der Gründer der Sozialpsychologie betrachtet. Das konnte er am genauesten das Verhalten der Zuschauer und die Gründe beschreiben was … Paris: Flammarion. The series had considerable success. International Dictionary of Psychoanalysis. https://www.encyclopedia.com/psychology/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/le-bon-gustave-1841-1931, Ohayon, Annick "Le Bon, Gustave (1841-1931)